AP HUG Unit 2 Flashcards
Demography
The study of population characteristics. “demo”=population/people, “graphy”=writing
Population Distribution
How people are spread out through an area.
Physical Factors Influencing Population
Factors that influence where and how many people live in an area that are based on geographic/environmental strengths and weakness
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface settled by humans
Human Factors Influencing Population
Factors that influence where and how many people live in an area that are based on human causes
Population Concentration
Where people are clustered
Population Distribution at a Global Scale
Where people are spread out across the globe
Population Distribution at a National Scale
Where people are spread out across a nation
Population Distribution at a Local Scale
Where people are spread out across a local area
Population Density
The amount of people over the amount of land in an area
Arithmetic Density
People per every unit every land in an area
Physiological Density
People per every unit of arable land in an area
Agricultural Densitty
Farmers per every unit of arable land in an area
Arable Land
Land that can be used for agriculture
Economic Implications
Impacts that are related to economic effects. In this context, impacts from density and distribution
Political Implications
Impacts that are related to politics. In this context, impacts from density and distribution
Social Implications
Impacts that are related to social effects. In this context, impacts from density and distribution
Environmental Implications
Impacts that are related to the environment. In this context, impacts from density and distribution
Carrying Capacity
The amount of people/animals a certain area can sustain without significant damage.
Overpopulation
Having a population that exceeds the carrying capacity of an area.
Infrastructure/Urban Services
Basic services used in the operation of a society
Ethnicity
Someones race, culture, or demographic.
Age-Sex Composition
These are factors that show you how old and what genders an area has
Sex Ratio
The percentage of males to females
Cohort
Different age groups on a population pyramid
Baby Boom
An explosion in the number of births
Baby Bust
A slowing of population growth after a baby boom
Echo
A spike or drop in a population as a result of an earlier spike or drop.
Dependency Ratio
The ratio of working-age people to the dependent population
Potential Workforce
People between the age of 15 and 65
Dependent Population
People above the age of 65 or below 15
Census
A survey that gathers data about population and demographics
Demographic Momentum
This is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution
RNI
Rate of Natural Increase. The rate of growth for a population excluding any outside factors. Just CBR/CDR.
Population Doubling Time
The amount of time it takes for a population to double
ZPG
Zero Population Growth. People are dying at the same rate that they are being born
CBR
Crude Birth Rate. Total births per 1000 people
CDR
Crude Death Rate. Total deaths per 1000 people
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A model that predicts and explains population growth
Stage 1 (DTM)
This is the first stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by high fluctuating CBR and CDR.
Stage 2 (DTM)
This is the second stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by a declining CDR and a fairly stable CBR
Stage 3 (DTM)
This is the third stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by a decline in the CDR’s rate of decline and a declining CBR.
Stage 4 (DTM)
This is the fourth stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by a low fluctuating CBR and CDR
Stage 5 (DTM)
This is theorized to be the fifth stage of the demographic transition model. There are many different ideas of what this will look like, such as CBR and CDR stabliizing, CDR surpassing CBR, ect.
Expansive Population Pyramid
A population pyramid that has a wide base and a small top
Stationary Population Pyramid
A population pyramid that has mostly equal populations in its cohorts, gradually decreasing at the top.
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
This model explains and predicts epidemiological trends.
Stage 1 (ETM)
This is the first stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by very high death rates from infectious diseases, famine, human conflicts, etc. It is also known as the “Pestilence and Famine” stage.
Stage 2 (ETM)
This is the second stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by decreasing rates of pandemics due to improved medicine and sanitation. It is also known as the “Receding Pandemics” stage.
Stage 3 (ETM)
This is the third stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by a continued lowering of the level of pandemics, but degenerative diseases like cancer and heart disease rates start to rise. It is also known as the “Degenerative and Human Created Diseases” stage
Stage 4 (ETM)
This is the fourth stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by delayed onset of degenerative and age-related diseases due to an better medicine. It is also known as the “Delayed Degenerative Diseases” stage.
Stage 5 (ETM)
This is theorized to be the fifth stage of the epidemiological transition model. There are many different ideas of what this will look like, but the most common one is an increased rate of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases due to antibiotic resistance. It is most commonly known as the “Reemerging of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases” stage
Malthusian Theory
A theory that predicts that humans will outstrip their food supply due to population being predicted to increase exponentially as opposed to food supply, which is predicted to increase linearly.
Neo-Malthusians
These are people who apply Mathus’ theories to the modern world.
Pronatalist Policy
A policy that encourages births
Antinatalist Policy
A policy that discourages births
Immigration Policies
Policies that relate to immigration.
Access to Education
Someone’s ability to get an education
Access to Employment
Someone’s ability to get a job
Access to Healthcare
Someone’s ability to get medical services
Access to Contraception
Someone’s ability to get contraception
TFR
Total Fertility Rate. The average amount of babies each woman will have
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Laws developed by Ravenstein to describe migration patterns
Distance Decay
Distance decay states, as you get farther from a source, the effect that source has is limited.
Step Migration
Migrants moving in smaller steps along their way to their destination.
Counter Migration
A movement of people against a migration flow
Counter-Urbanization
The movement of people out of cities into rural and suburban areas
Gravity Model
A theory that states the larger and closer something is, the more effect it has
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a baby is expected to live from birth
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of babies that die on average per 1000 births
Elderly Dependency Ratio
The percentage of people over 65 to the working age population
Aging/Graying Population
The population over 65
Migration
A person moving from one place to another
Immigration
A person moving in to an area
Emmigration
A person moving out of an area
Net Migration
The number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants
Push Factors
Factors that push people from an area
Pull Factors
Factors that pull people to an area
Economic Push/Pull Factors
Poverty, Economic opportunity
Social Push/Pull Factors
Civil Unrest, Ties to someone in an area
Political Push/Pull Factors
Lack of representation, Political stability
Environmental Push/Pull Factors
Natural Disasters, Clean Air
Demographic Push/Pull Factors
Quotas, Similar demographics
Intervening Obstacles
Obstacles that block a migrant on their path
Intervening Opportunities
Opportunities that come up for a migrant on their path. and may lead to them settling in a different place than originally intended
Lee’s Model of Migration
People will try to head to areas will more pull factors and less push factors, unless intervening obstacles or opportunities change that.
Migration Transition
A model that lines up with DTM the predicts how many and where people migrate
Migration Stream
A stream of people flowing from one area to another.
Forced Migration
A migration where the migrants leave due to threats or due to being forced to, as opposed to moving by choice.
Slavery
A system where one person is owned by another person and forced to work for them
Refugees
A migrant who was pushed out of their home country in a forced migration
IDPs
A migrant who was pushed out of their home area in a forced migration, but is still in their home country.
Asylum Seekers
A migrant who was pushed out of their home country who is trying to gain refugee status
Voluntary Migration
A migration where the migrant has a choice to leave the home country or not.
Cyclic Movement
A movement where the migrant moves between multiple points repeatedly and often (i.e. communting)
Transhumance
The cyclical movement of livestock between multiple points
Transnational/International Migration
Migration between countries
Internal Migration
Migration within a country
Interregional Migration
Migration between two regions in a country
Intraregional Migration
Migration within one region of a country
Chain Migration
A migration where migrants move to communities where family and/or friends migrated previously.
Guest Workers
Workers living and working in a country to work for a period of time but not moving permanently.
Urbanization
A migration of people from rural areas to urban areas
Periodic Migration
A migration where the migrant moves between multiple points but stays for longer periods of time (i.e. Snowbirds)
Political Effects of Migration
Addition of Quotas, Changing Demographics
Quotas
A limit on the number of migrants allowed in an area
Economic Effects of Migration
New workers, Loss of jobs
Remitances
Money sent by guest workers or migrants back to family members in home countries to help support them
Brain Drain
A process where an area’s highly educated professionals migrate out
Brain Gain
A process where an area has many highly educated professional migrate in
Cultural Effects of Migration
St. Patrick’s Day, Curry
Ethnic Enclaves
An area with a large amount of one ethnicity compared to the surrounding area
Xenophobia
The fear of others, in this case, migrants
