AP HUG Unit 6 Reverse Flashcards
site = physical location. ex. climate, water availability, soil quality, etc
site factors
situation = relative location of a place compared to other places
situation factors
process of developing towns and cities. greatest increase in urban population is in developing countries at the moment
urbanization
process of people moving from cities to residential areas just outside of the city
suburbanization
cities with a population of over 10 million
megacity
cities with population over 20 million. consist of clusters of megacities
metacity
countries with low standard of living, low per capita income, low economic productivity
periphery
countries that are more developed than periphery but less developed than core
semiperiphery
city or suburbs expanding to allow for additional population growth; takes over the surrounding land
sprawl
when more people, industry, money, and power move away from the city
decentralization
nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities
edge cities
prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs
exurbs
rapidly growing suburban cities that represent a new metropolitan form
boomburbs
integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a global scale
globalization
a city that has influence on a global scale, not just within its region
world cities, global cities
ranking of settlements or cities based on their size and economic function
urban hierarchy
a set of interconnected entities or nodes without a center or hierarchy
networks, linkages
describes a way that the sizes of cities within a region may develop; the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city
rank size rule
when the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the second largest city
primary city, primate city
states that places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than those that are small and far apart
gravity model
the distribution of cities and cervices is based on size
central place theory
relationship of socioeconomic status and distance from the CBD. ring 1: CBD, 2. zone of transition. 3. working class zone. 4. residential zone. 5. commuter zone.
burgess concentric zone model
modified burgess model. instead of circular zones, the wedge like sectors follow major transportation routes. low income near industry.
hoyt sector model
downtown CBD is no longer core of only business land use. metro areas develop edge cities
multiple nuclei model
spread of cities outward from the CBD. leads to declining inner city. includes edge cities
galactic city model
housing quality decreases as you get further from the city center. poverty, lack of infrastructure, shantytowns, barrios/favelas (lots of poverty, homelessness, + crime), disamenity zones (not connected to services)
latin american city model
focus on former colonial port zone; includes gov’t zone. history of chinese immigration, so many of these cities have a 2nd commercial zone based on chinese businesses. secondary sector is increasing, so industrial zones are emerging in many cities.
southeast asian city model
signs of colonization; traditional CBD + colonial CBD. informal squatter settlements on the periphery. informal economy thrives (think periodic markets)
african city model
what is the bidder willing to pay to be in the right location for their needs
bid rent theory
high density=close to the CBD. medium=further away, getting into the suburbs. low=far away from CBD; rural areas. bid rent theory/curve + burgess model help to explain this pattern of urban land use
residential density gradient
infilling occurs where open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks.
infilling
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
infrastructure
ability of an industry to be profitable enough to support itself but not hinder the potential future industries
sustainability
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used
zoning ordinances
mix of residential and commercial land uses instead of a clear separation
mixed land use
ability of a city to sustain people without using cars
walkability
maximizes amount of residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport
transportation oriented development
set of policies to presurve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city
smart growth
a movement seeking to reduce sprawl, increase affordable housing, + create vibrant walkable neighborhoods
new urbanism, urban revitalization
areas of undeveloped land around cities
greenbelts
cities with smart growth policies in place
slow growth cities
an equitable distribution of housing, jobs, health care, education and respect.
livability
segregation that is technically against the law but the citizens still do it
de facto segregation
data that’s descriptive and conceptual. ex. field studies and narratives
qualatative data
data that can be counted, measured. ex. census and survey data
quantatative data
the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions
survey data
when realtors and/or banks refuse to give someone a loan/show them houses in a certain area because of their race/ethnicity
housing discrimination
a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, real estate agencies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas
redlining
people of one ethnic group are frightened to selling their homes at a low price when they hear that a family of ethnic population are moving into the neighborhood
blockbusting
one with housing that the general public can afford
affordability
low-income (and therefore low tax) areas do not usually have as many amenities and services
access to services
the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs
disamenity zones, zones of abandonment
general term to encompass low-quality housing, occupied by the poor, usually on the periphery of cities
squatter settlements
local policies that tap the economic gains from rising real estate values to create affordable housing
inclusionary zoning
local food is food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed
local food movements
areas without easy access to healthy food
food deserts
renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up
urban renewal, redevelopment
the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process.
gentrification
development of suburbs at relatively low density + at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
suburban sprawl
cities are a key contributor to climate change, as urban activities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions
cities and climate change
cities are notorious for polluting the water and air
cities and air/water quality
tracks the use of productive surface areas–how are cities using their resources?
ecological footprint
a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.
brownfields
separates urban areas from the surrounding natural and agricultural lands, or greenbelts
urban growth boundaries
discourages federal activities that would convert farmland to nonagricultural purposes
farmland protection policies
