AP HUG Unit 5 Reverse Flashcards
hot dry summers, cool wet winters. always next to a sea
mediterranean climate
high temperatures year round. dry and wet season
tropical climate
farmers work intensively on small pieces of land. almost all available land is used. occurs when land is scarce and expensive
intensive farming
foods that are in demand are grown and sold in large quantities. farms usually specialize in a few crops
market gardening/commercial gardening/truck farming
occurs when land is plentiful and cheap. usually livestock ranching, pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation
extensive farming
people shift between fields. slash and burn, constant relocation. extensive.
shifting cultivation
seasonal migration of livestock between areas
transhumance
herding domesticated animals in dry, nonarable areas. people move with the animals
nomadic herding, pastoral nomadism
grazing of aminals over large area for $
ranching
groups of houses clustered together
clustered land use pattern
houses spread out
dispersed land use pattern
houses arranged in a line facing a waterway or other transportation method
linear land use pattern
used for plot boundaries that matched up with physical features like trees and streams.
metes and bounds rural survey pattern
used for plot boundaries. gov’t divides land up into townships (6x6 mi). townships are divided into sections of 1sqmi each
township and range rural survey pattern
land divided into long, narrow strips
long lot rural survey pattern
first time plants and animals were domesticated for farming purposes
1st AG revolution, neolithic revolution
areas in which AG first originated. differs in crop production between places
hearths of domestication
trade of food, people, animals, tech between europe and western hemisphere
columbian exchange
advances in transportation, large scale irrigation, changes in comsumption patterns of agriculture
second AG revolution
tech advances, land use and farming advances, AG practice changes
impacts of 2nd AG revolution
advances in plant biology during the later half of the 20th century. mechanization, synthetic fertilizers, globally widespread food manufacturing
green revolution, 3rd AG revolution
seeds that produce more in a growing season than wild varieties. often GMO
high yield seeds
replacement of human labor with machines. led to more production, less need for labor intensive practices
mechanized farming
more global food production (less hunger, less death, more population). fertilizers and irrigation, which are good for environment in moderation
positive impacts of green revolution
women mostly not given new tech, damaging their role in many societies. chemicals used to grow the food can be harmful for humans. reduces organic nutrients in the soil. unsustainable new farming methods. lots of pollution
negative impacts of green revolution
farmers eat the food they grow. usually manual labor. found mostly in developing countries
subsistence AG
farmers raise one crop and sell for profit. mainly in developed countries. designed with the intent to make as much $ as possible
commercial AG
farmers raise the same cash crop on lots of land year after year
monocropping, monoculture
land further away from market costs less. closer to market costs more
bid rent theory
found mostly in developing countries. cannot compete with commercial farms bc lack of $ for machinery
family farms
process of gathering resources, making them into products (commodities), transporting them to consumers
commodity chains
cost advantages for a company when production becomes efficient
economies of scale
areas used primarily for growing crops, raising animals, harvesting fish
agricultural sector
number of crops/people an area can support
carrying capacity
major factor in where each kind of production is located. farmers will locate where it’s most cost efficient
transportation costs
urban area, city, market. where people live, work, and AG products are sold
market center in von thunen model
horticulture (market gardening; fruits, vegetables, flowers), dairy farming
ring 1 in von thunen model
forestry. von thunen model was developed before widespread use of coal, so this was in high demand.
ring 2 in von thunen model
extensive grains and field crops. large scale farms.
ring 3 in von thunen model
extensive ranching and grazing.
ring 4 in von thunen model
as long as modern tech factors are taken into account, is still applicable to today.
benefits of von thunen model
developed before widespread use of coal. did not take into account physical features, which alters where locations will be. could be multiple markets
limitations of von thunen model
system of resources, transportation, consumer, etc. on a global scale
global supply chain
trades/products exported by a country
export commodities
transportation networks that allow food to stay cool and unspoiled throughout the trip
cool chains
food distributed on a global scale. causes interdependence between countries
global food distribution
overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics
agricultural pollution
loss of natural areas due to human impact or climate
land cover change
land degradation (most commonly in dry areas). usually due to human impact or climate.
desertification
too much salt in the soil (usually from excessive irrigation), which negatively affects plant growth
soil salinization
conserving land by minimizing overgrazing, overuse of chemicals, etc
AG land conservation
all plants are cut down and burned in an area. ash adds some nutrients and land is farmed until nutrients are depleted
slash and burn
farmers build steps into a hill, which helps sustain crops and reduces soil erosion. can cause mudslides
terrace farming
altering the path of natural waterways to serve agricultural needs
irrigation
removal of lots of trees in a naturally forested area
deforestation
water from naturally occurring wetlands drained for AG purposes
draining wetlands
science of engineering/modifying living organisms. gmos, vaccines, antibiotics
biotechnology
practice of raising and harvesting fish/other water living food
aquaculture
accomplishing needs of the present without hindering future populations
sustainability
growing food in a city or heavily populated town
urban farming
local farmers sell shares of their crop to those contracted to buy throughout the year
community supported agriculture
farming that does not use chemical substances
organic agriculture
products are manufactured to add value, ex. wheat to flour
value added specialty crops
movement to support growers of food instead of the corporations that manage the trade
fair trade
crops nonessential to survival but have a high profit margin (worth a lot of $) ex. cacao
luxury crops
when one does not have access to safe, healthy food
food insecurity
an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food
food deserts
concentrated animal feeding operations. goal to make animals gain fat before they’re killed
CAFO
waste from feedlots can pollute the air and water supply
animal waste
roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc
distribution systems
public support to farmers ensuring they have dependable low cost food. ex. subsidies
gov’t policies related to agriculture
if women were giving the same AG opportunities as men, there would be a lot more food
women and agriculture
