Unit 5.b clinical pysch Flashcards
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
A manual used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders.
International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)
A global standard for the classification of diseases and health conditions, including mental disorders.
Eclectic approach (to diagnosis treatment)
A method that integrates various therapeutic techniques and principles from different schools of thought.
Behavioral Perspective
A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they’re learned.
Psychodynamic Perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious processes and childhood experiences.
Humanistic Perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.
Cognitive Perspective
A psychological approach that focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
Evolutionary Perspective
A psychological approach that examines human behavior through the lens of evolution and natural selection.
Sociocultural Perspective
A psychological approach that considers the impact of society and culture on behavior and mental processes.
Biological Perspective
A psychological approach that focuses on the biological underpinnings of behavior, including genetics and neurochemistry.
Biopsychosocial model
A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.
Diathesis-stress model
A psychological theory that explains the onset of mental disorders as a result of the interaction between predisposition and stress.
Neurodevelopmental disorders
A group of disorders that typically manifest early in development and affect the brain’s growth and development.
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior, often characterized by difficulties in social interaction.
Schizophrenic spectrum disorders
A group of severe mental disorders characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, and sense of self.
Positive symptoms
Symptoms that represent an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as hallucinations and delusions.
Delusions
False beliefs that are strongly held despite evidence to the contrary, including paranoid, persecution, and grandiose types.
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren’t there.
Disorganized thinking or speech
A symptom characterized by incoherent or nonsensical speech, often referred to as ‘word salad.’
Catatonia
A state of unresponsiveness or abnormal motor behavior, which can include excitement or stupor.
Negative symptoms
Symptoms that reflect a decrease or loss of normal functions, such as flat affect or lack of motivation.
Flat affect
A lack of emotional expression, often seen in individuals with certain mental disorders.
Depressive disorders
A group of mental disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
Major depressive disorder
A severe form of depression that significantly impairs daily functioning.
Persistent depressive disorder
A chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years.
Bipolar I
A type of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one manic episode.
Bipolar II
A type of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode.
Manic episodes and hypomanic episodes
Periods of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity levels, with manic episodes being more severe than hypomanic episodes.
Anxiety disorders
A group of mental disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.
Specific phobia
An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
Acrophobia
An extreme fear of heights.
Arachnophobia
An intense fear of spiders.
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult.
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks and persistent concern about having more attacks.
Ataque de nervios
A culturally specific syndrome characterized by intense emotional distress and physical symptoms.
Social anxiety disorder
An intense fear of social situations and being judged by others.
Taijin kyofusho
A Japanese form of social anxiety disorder characterized by fear of offending others.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
A chronic disorder characterized by excessive worry about various aspects of life.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
Obsession vs. compulsion
An obsession is a persistent thought, while a compulsion is a repetitive behavior performed to alleviate anxiety.
Hoarding disorder
A disorder characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions.
Dissociative disorders
A group of disorders characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.
Dissociative identity disorder
A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states.
Dissociative amnesia
A disorder characterized by an inability to recall important autobiographical information, with or without fugue.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders
A group of disorders that occur after exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.
Posttraumatic stress disorder
A disorder characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance, and heightened arousal following a traumatic event.
Feeding and eating disorders
A group of disorders characterized by abnormal eating habits that negatively impact health.
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain.
Personality disorders
A group of mental disorders characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience.
Cluster A: Odd or eccentric
A category of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors.
Paranoid PD
A personality disorder characterized by pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others.
Schizoid PD
A personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
Schizotypal PD
A personality disorder characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships and cognitive or perceptual distortions.
Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
A category of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.
Antisocial PD
A personality disorder characterized by a disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
Histrionic PD
A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
Narcissistic PD
A personality disorder characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
Borderline PD
A personality disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions.
Cluster C: Anxious or fearful
A category of personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors.
Avoidant PD
A personality disorder characterized by social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy.
Dependent PD
A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of.
Obsessive-compulsive PD
A personality disorder characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.
Deinstitutionalization
The process of reducing the population of mental health institutions by providing community-based care.
Evidence-Based Interventions
Therapeutic practices that are supported by empirical research and proven to be effective.
Cultural Humility
An approach to understanding and respecting cultural differences in therapeutic settings.
Therapeutic Alliance
The collaborative relationship between a therapist and a client, crucial for effective therapy.
Nonmaleficence
An ethical principle that emphasizes the obligation to not inflict harm intentionally.
Fidelity
An ethical principle that emphasizes loyalty, truthfulness, and keeping promises in therapeutic relationships.
Respect for People’s Rights & Dignity
An ethical principle that emphasizes the importance of respecting individuals’ rights and dignity.
Psychodynamic Therapies
Therapeutic approaches that focus on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.
Free Association
A technique in psychodynamic therapy where clients speak freely to reveal unconscious thoughts.
Dream Interpretation
A technique used in psychodynamic therapy to analyze the content of dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts.
Person-Centered Therapy
A therapeutic approach that emphasizes the client’s perspective and promotes self-discovery.
Active Listening
A communication technique used in therapy that involves fully concentrating, understanding, and responding.
Cognitive Therapies
Therapeutic approaches that focus on changing maladaptive thinking patterns.
Maladaptive Thinking
Thought patterns that are counterproductive and lead to negative emotions or behaviors.
Cognitive Restructuring
A therapeutic technique aimed at changing negative thought patterns into more positive ones.
Cognitive Triad
A concept in cognitive therapy that includes negative views about the self, the world, and the future.
Applied Behavior Analysis
A therapeutic approach that uses principles of behaviorism to modify behavior.
Exposure Therapy
A technique used to help individuals confront their fears in a controlled environment.
Systematic Desensitization
A behavioral therapy technique used to reduce anxiety by gradually exposing a person to the feared object or situation.
Aversion Therapy
A behavioral treatment that involves pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus.
Token Economies
A behavioral modification system that uses tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.
Biofeedback
A technique that teaches individuals to control physiological processes through feedback from monitoring devices.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Therapeutic approaches that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to address mental health issues.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
A type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching skills for emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
A cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on changing irrational beliefs to improve emotional well-being.
Hypnosis
A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility used in therapeutic settings.
Psychotropic Medication Therapy
The use of medications to manage mental health disorders.
Psychoactive Medication
Medications that affect the mind, mood, and behavior.
Antidepressants
Medications used to treat depression and other mood disorders.
Anti Anxiety Medication
Medications used to treat anxiety disorders.
Lithium
A medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder.
Antipsychotic Medications
Medications used to manage psychosis, including schizophrenia.
Tardive Dyskinesia
A potential side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications, characterized by involuntary movements.
Psychosurgery
Surgical procedures that alter brain function to treat mental disorders.
Lesioning
A technique used in psychosurgery that involves damaging specific brain areas to alleviate symptoms.
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
A non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
A medical treatment that involves sending small electric currents through the brain to treat severe depression.
Lobotomy
A surgical procedure that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal cortex.
