Unit 4b Personality, Motivation, & Emotion Flashcards
Social-Cognitive view
Personality shaped by social interactions and cognitive processes.
Reciprocal determinism
Behavior influenced by personal, environmental, and behavioral factors.
Self-efficacy
Belief in one’s ability to succeed in tasks.
Self-concept
Individual’s perception of their own identity and abilities.
Self-esteem
Overall evaluation of one’s self-worth.
Trait view on personality
Focus on stable characteristics defining personality.
Big Five Theory
Personality model with five core traits.
Openness
Willingness to experience new ideas and activities.
Conscientiousness
Degree of organization, dependability, and discipline.
Extraversion
Tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.
Agreeableness
Quality of being friendly, cooperative, and compassionate.
Emotional stability (neuroticism)
Ability to remain calm and composed under stress.
Personality inventories (non specifically listed)
Standardized questionnaires assessing various personality traits.
Factor analysis
Statistical method to identify underlying relationships in data.
Drive-reduction theory
Motivation arises from biological needs driving behavior.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions.
Arousal theory
Motivation based on achieving optimal levels of arousal.
Optimal arousal
Ideal level of arousal for peak performance.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance improves with arousal to a point.
Self-determination theory
Motivation driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Intrinsic motivation
Engaging in behavior for personal satisfaction.
Extrinsic motivation
Engaging in behavior for external rewards.
Incentive theory
Behavior motivated by external rewards or incentives.
Instincts
Innate behaviors triggered by specific stimuli.
Lewin’s motivational conflicts
Framework for understanding competing motivations.
Approach-approach
Choosing between two desirable options.
Approach-avoidance
Desire for a goal with negative aspects.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Choosing between two undesirable options.
Sensation-seeking theory
Need for varied, novel, and complex experiences.
Experience seeking
Desire for new experiences and adventures.
Thrill or adventure
Pursuit of excitement and risk-taking activities.
Disinhibition
Reduction of social constraints leading to impulsive behavior.
Boredom susceptibility
Tendency to experience boredom easily.
Eating motivation
Factors influencing the desire to eat.
Ghrelin
Hormone stimulating appetite and hunger.
Leptin
Hormone regulating energy balance and satiety.
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Brain structures regulating hunger and hormonal balance.
Hunger and satiety
Physiological states signaling need for food.
External factors (cues)
Environmental influences affecting eating behavior.
Emotion/affect
Complex psychological state involving physiological response.
Broad historical views of how an emotion unfolds (not by name)
our emotions are caused by our interpretation of bodily reactions.
Facial-feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions influence emotional experience.
Broaden-and-build theory
Positive emotions expand cognitive resources and resilience.
Universality of emotional expression
Basic emotions expressed similarly across cultures.
Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, fear
These are universal emotions recognized throughout the world
Display rules
Cultural norms governing emotional expression.
Health psychology
Study of psychological factors affecting health and illness.
Stress and immune suppression, hypertension, headaches
Chronic stress negatively impacts immune system function.
Stressors (eustress vs. distress)
Eustress is positive stress; distress is negative stress.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Traumatic events impacting long-term health outcomes.
General adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion)
Three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Fight-flight-or-freeze response
Physiological reaction to perceived threat.
Tend and befriend theory
Response to stress emphasizing social connections.
Problem-focused coping
Managing stress by addressing the problem directly.
Emotion-focused coping (deep breathing, meditation, medication)
Managing stress by regulating emotional response.
