Unit 4a Social pyschology Flashcards
Attributions
the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others
Dispositional (internal qualities)
Explanations of behaviours such as obedience emphasise them being caused by an individual’s own personal characteristics rather than situational influences within the environment.
Situational attribution
External circumstances affecting behavior interpretation.
Explanatory styles
Ways individuals explain events, optimistic or pessimistic.
Optimistic & Pessimistic
seeing things in a positive and hopeful manner/ seeing things in a negative and hopeless manner
Actor/observer bias
Differentiating behavior explanations for self versus others.
Fundamental attribution error
Overemphasizing personality traits in others’ behaviors.
Self-serving bias
Attributing successes to self, failures to external factors.
Internal locus of control
Belief that outcomes result from personal actions.
External locus of control
Belief that outcomes result from external factors.
Person perception
Judging others based on their characteristics.
Mere exposure effect
Increased preference for familiar stimuli.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Expectations influence behavior, confirming initial beliefs.
Social comparison
Evaluating oneself against others, upward or downward.
Relative deprivation
Feeling disadvantaged compared to others.
Stereotype
Generalized belief about a group of people.
Prejudice
Negative attitude towards a group based on stereotypes.
Discrimination
Unfair treatment based on group membership.
Implicit attitudes
Unconscious beliefs influencing behavior and perception.
Just-world phenomenon
Belief that the world is fair and just.
Out-group homogeneity bias
Perception that out-group members are similar.
In-group bias
Preference for members of one’s own group.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one’s own culture.
Belief perseverance
Maintaining beliefs despite contradictory evidence.
Confirmation bias
Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs.
Cognitive dissonance
Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
I/O Psychologists
Professionals studying workplace behavior and psychology.
Social norms
Expected behaviors in a given social context.
Social influence theory
How individuals change behavior based on others.
Normative influence & Informational influence
Conforming to fit in with a group/Conforming based on information from others.
Persuasion
Attempt to change someone’s beliefs or behaviors.
Elaboration likelihood model
Theory explaining different routes to persuasion.
Central route to persuasion
Persuasion based on logical arguments and evidence.
Peripheral route to persuasion
Persuasion based on superficial cues.
Halo effect
Overall impression influences specific judgments.
Foot-in-the-door technique
Starting with a small request to gain compliance.
Door-in-the-face technique
Starting with a large request, then making a smaller one.
Conformity
Changing behavior to match group norms.
Obedience
Following direct commands from an authority figure.
Individualism
Prioritizing personal goals over group goals.
Collectivism
Prioritizing group goals over individual goals.
Multiculturalism
Recognition and appreciation of diverse cultures.
Group polarization
Group discussions intensifying members’ initial views.
Groupthink
Poor decision-making due to group conformity.
Diffusion of responsibility
Reduced sense of obligation in groups.
Social loafing
Decreased effort in group tasks.
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness in groups.
Social facilitation
Improved performance on tasks in the presence of others.
False consensus effect
Overestimating agreement with one’s beliefs.
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that unite conflicting groups.
Social traps
Situations where individual interests conflict with collective well-being.
Altruism
Selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Social reciprocity norm
Expectation to return favors in social interactions.
Social responsibility norm
Expectation to help those in need.
Bystander effect
Reduced likelihood of helping in group settings.
