Unit 1 States of conscious edition (SC)

Question 1

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 1

Any drug that has significant effects on psychological processes, such as thinking, perception, and emotion. They include those deliberately taken to produce an altered state of consciousness and therapeutic agents designed to alleviate a mental condition.

Question 2

Stimulants (caffeine, cocaine)

Answer 2

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Question 3

Depressants (alcohol)

Answer 3

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Question 4

Hallucinogens (marijuana)

Answer 4

Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Question 5

Opioids (heroin)

Answer 5

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Question 6

Tolerance

Answer 6

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

Question 7

Withdrawal symptoms

Answer 7

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

Question 8

Addiction/dependence

Answer 8

A chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It involves changes in brain structure and function, leading to a loss of control over drug consumption.

Question 9

Varying levels of consciousness (sleep/wakefulness)

Answer 9

The state of being aware of and able to perceive one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, and surroundings. It involves various levels, from alert wakefulness to altered states such as sleep or meditation.

Question 10

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 10

The natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours. It influences patterns of alertness, hormone release, body temperature, and other physiological processes.

Question 11

Stages of sleep

Answer 11

NREM stage I
NREM stage II
NREM stage III

Question 12

EEG patterns for each stage

Answer 12

NREM stage I- Alpha 8-12 Hz
NREM stage II- Theta 4-8 Hz
NREM stage III- Delta .5-4 Hz

Question 13

NREM 1, 2, 3

Answer 13

The first stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by drifting in and out of sleep, lasting only a few minutes. Brain waves slow down, muscles relax, and individuals may experience sudden muscle contractions known as hypnic jerks.

The second stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by light sleep, lasting about 20 minutes. Brain waves further slow down, and sleep spindles (short bursts of brain activity) and K-complexes (sudden, sharp waveforms) appear.

The deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by the presence of predominantly delta waves. Restoration of Resources is the process during sleep where the body and brain replenish energy, repair tissues, and remove waste products, promoting physical and mental well-being.

Question 14

Hypnogogic sensations

Answer 14

Bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep.

Question 15

Paradoxical sleep

Answer 15

Although though the brain is quite active during REM sleep, consuming large amounts of energy, the body remains completely inactive. In addition, the brain waves during REM sleep are reminiscent of the brain waves demonstrated when someone is awake and alert.

Question 16

Dreaming and REM

Answer 16

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.

Question 17

REM increases throughout the night

Answer 17

REM increases throughout the night due to a deeper states of sleep

Question 18

REM rebound

Answer 18

The phenomenon where the body increases the time spent in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation.

It occurs as a compensatory response to the lack of REM sleep, often resulting in more intense and frequent REM sleep episodes.

Question 19

Activation-synthesis theory (dreams)

Answer 19

A theory proposing that dreams are the result of random neural activity in the brainstem (pons) during REM sleep, which is then interpreted and synthesized by the cerebral cortex into a narrative or story.

Question 20

Consolidation theory (dreams)

Answer 20

The theory that sleep aids memory consolidation. Sleep also helps to restore and rebuild the experiences and memories of our day.

Question 21

Why we sleep: memory consolidation and restoration

Answer 21

The theory that sleep aids memory consolidation. Sleep also helps to restore and rebuild the experiences and memories of our day.

Restoration of Resources The process during sleep where the body and brain replenish energy, repair tissues, and remove waste products, promoting physical and mental well-being.

Question 22

Sleep disorders

Answer 22

Insomnia

Narcolepsy

REM sleep behavior disorder

Sleep apnea

Somnambulism

Question 23

Insomnia

Answer 23

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Question 24

Narcolepsy

Answer 24

excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden episodes of muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and hallucinations during sleep onset or awakening.

Question 25

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 25

a sleep disorder in which normal REM paralysis does not occur; instead, twitching, talking, or even kicking or punching may occur, often acting out one’s dream

Question 26

Sleep apnea

Answer 26

pauses in breathing or shallow breathing during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep patterns, daytime fatigue, and other health problems.

Question 27

Somnambulism

Answer 27

A sleep disorder characterized by persistent incidents of complex motor activity during slow-wave NREM sleep. These episodes typically occur during the first hours of sleep and involve getting out of bed and walking, although the individual may also perform more complicated tasks, such as eating, talking, or operating machinery. While in this state, the individual stares blankly, is essentially unresponsive, and can be awakened only with great difficulty; they do not remember the episode upon waking.