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AP Psych VTCTA > Unit 0 vocab Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 0 vocab Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Correlation (research?)(DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION)

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other

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2
Q

Positive Correlation

A

A relationship between two variables in which both rise and fall together

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3
Q

Negative Correlation

A

A relationship between 2 variables in which the value of one variable increases as the value of the other decreases

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4
Q

Directionality problem

A

In correlation research, the situation in which it is known that 2 variables are related, although it is not known which is the cause and which is the effect

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5
Q

Third variable problem

A

An undiscovered causative variable. When a relationship is found between variables X and Y, X may be thought to be the cause of Y, but the cause may be hidden variable Z that is correlated with X

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6
Q

Scatterplots

A

A graphed cluster of dots each represents the values of 2 variables. The slope of the point suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scattered suggest the strength of correlation

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7
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between 2 things (from -1 to +1)

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8
Q

Quantitative measure

A

Research that focuses on gathering and analyzing numerical data to understand relationships, patterns, or trends

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9
Q

Qualitative measure

A

Research that focuses on gathering and analyzing non-numerical data such as observations, interviews, or textural analysis to understand meanings, experiences, or perspectives

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10
Q

Surveys

A

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of a group

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11
Q

Framing

A

The way that a problem is presented to someone, and it could drastically change that person’s view or reaction to the problem

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12
Q

Social desirability bias

A

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

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13
Q

Self-report bias

A

Inaccuracies or distortions and responses to surveys or questionnaires due to factors such as social desirability memory recall or misunderstanding of questions

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14
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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15
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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16
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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17
Q

Falsifability

A

The principle that for a hypothesis or theory to be considered scientific, it must be possible to conceive of evidence that would prove it false

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18
Q

Operational definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

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19
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

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20
Q

Peer review

A

The evaluation of scientific academic or professional work by others in the same field to ensure its quality and validity before publication or presentation

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21
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

Rules of acceptable conduct that members of a given profession are expected to follow

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22
Q

Institutional review board (IRB)

A

A committee at each college/university where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.

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23
Q

Informed consent

A

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

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24
Q

Informed assent

A

an agreement by an individual not competent to give legally-valid informed consent (e.g., a child aged 7-17 or cognitively-impaired person) to participate in research.

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25
Q

Protection from harm

A

Reasonable steps taken to avoid and minimize adverse effects for research participants where it is foreseeable and unavoidable.

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26
Q

Confidentiality of participants

A

A principle of professional ethics requiring researchers to limit the disclosure of research participants and survey respondents’ identity and any unique data collected during a study.

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27
Q

Minimal deception

A

If the participants are deceived in any way about the nature of the study, the deception must not be so extreme as to invalidate the informed consent.

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28
Q

Confederates

A

In an experimental situation, an aide of the experimenter who poses as a participant but whose behavior is rehearsed prior to the experiment.

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29
Q

Debriefing

A

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

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30
Q

Central tendency Mean

A

the arithmetic average if a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

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31
Q

Central tendency Median

A

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above and half are below

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32
Q

Central tendency Mode

A

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

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33
Q

Measures of variation Range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

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34
Q

Measures of variation standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

35
Q

Normal curve

A

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

36
Q

Measures of variability

A

statistics that describe the amount of difference and spread in a data set.

37
Q

Percentages (measures of variability)

A

Percentages are a way of summarising nominal level data (frequencies in categories). A percentage is a portion of a whole expressed as a number between 0 and 100 (instead of as a fraction).

38
Q

Percentile rank (measures of variability)

A

The precentage of scores in a distribution that fall below a particular score. Example: A student whose precentile rank is 85 has outpreformed 85 percent of all students.

39
Q

positive skew

A

The degree to which a set of scores, measurements, or other numbers are asymmetrically distributed with a majority toward the low end of the distribution with a few extreme scores toward the high end.

40
Q

negative skew

A

The degree to which a set of scores, measurements, or other numbers are asymmetrically distributed with a majority toward the high end of the distribution with a few extreme scores toward the low end.

41
Q

Bimodal distribution

A

A frequency distribution having two different values that are heavily populated with cases

42
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward the average.

43
Q

Statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

44
Q

Effect sizes

A

Effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect. The larger the effect size the stronger the relationship between two variables

45
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

46
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it (also known as I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

47
Q

Overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

48
Q

Experimental Method

A

Researcher sets up the environment and controls the variables of a study

49
Q

Non-experimental

A

Happens in a real life setting where it is not possible to to control all variables

50
Q

Independent variables

A

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated -variable whose effect is being studied

51
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

52
Q

Confounding variables

A

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

53
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and controlled groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to different groups

54
Q

Population

A

All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

55
Q

Sample

A

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a study to be representative of the whole

56
Q

Random Sampling

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each number has an equal chance of inclusion

57
Q

Representative Samples

A

The selection of study units (people, schools, homes) from a population in an unbiased way so that the sample obtained accurately reflects the total population

58
Q

Convenience Samples

A

Any process for selecting a sample of individuals or cases that is not random or systematic, but rather governed by chance or availability. This method does not generalize to the population since there is significant bias.

59
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

60
Q

Generalizability

A

Degree to which a study’s findings based on a sample apply to the entire population (provided the sample is representative and large enough)

61
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group that is exposed to the treatment / independent variable

62
Q

Control Group

A

The group that is not exposed to treatment, serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

63
Q

Placebo Group

A

Any group that receives medical or psychological intervention or treatment believed to be “inert.”

64
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone. Any effect in behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

65
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

Participants don’t know if they are in the experimental group or control group

66
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

Both researchers and participants are ignorant about whether the participants have received a treatment or placebo

67
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Occurs when a researchers expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

68
Q

Case Study

A

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

69
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of the mind and behavior

70
Q

empirical evidence

A

information acquired by observation or experimentation

71
Q

scientific method

A

A systematic approach to research where a problem is identified, relevant data is gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.

72
Q

reliability

A

The consistency of a research study or measuring test

73
Q

validity

A

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

74
Q

The American Psychological Association (APA)

A

A professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

75
Q

likert scale

A

A psychometric scale is commonly used in questionnaires, and is the most widely used scale in survey research

76
Q

structured interview

A

A quantitative research method where the interviewer sets a sequence of questions

77
Q

survey technique

A

A research technique that involves the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions

78
Q

wording effect

A

The effect that question phrasing and order have on survey data

79
Q

Sample Bias

A

A bias that occurs when a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others

80
Q

Statistics

A

A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data

81
Q

descriptive statistics

A

Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study

82
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Statistics that allow one to make predictions and inferences about a population based on a sample of data

83
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

A statistical measure that identifies a single value as representative of an entire distribution

AP Psych VTCTA (6 decks)

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