Unit 5: Sleep, Problem Solving, Intelligence Flashcards
Consciousness
An awareness of both internal and external stimuli
Varying levels of awareness of thoughts, feelings, behavior, and events
Introspection
By Wilhelm Wundt looks inward and exams ones own thoughts
Wakefulness
high levels of awareness, behavior, and thought
Sleep
lower levels of physical activity and sensory awareness
Hypnosis
Self focus; little attention is given to external stimuli
Meditation
focusing on a single target (breathing) to increase awareness
achieve a sense of peace and tranquility
N1 Non-REM
decreased muscle tone and body temperature
Stage 1 (Light Sleep)
Hypnagogic hallucinations (dreams)
Visual, auditory, or physical sensations
Intense and realistic
N2 Non-REM
(Stage 2)
deeper relaxation
Sleep spindles: bursts of neural activity → memory consolidation
K-Complexes: suppress stress responses to external stimuli
N3 Non-REM
(Stage 3 & 4) DEEP SLEEP
Restorative → growth hormones (bone and muscle)
Hard to wake up; groggy
↳ Sleep walk/Night Terrors…
REM (R-sleep)
快速眼动
Paradoxical Sleep: brain is awake; non-essential muscles are paralyzed
大多数梦发生的睡眠阶段
Vivid dreams
Memory consolidation
REM Rebound
REM sleep deprivation → (tendency for) REM sleep to increase next time
一种补偿反应，即个体会暂时经历 REM sleep增加
Memory Consolidation
Sleep helps organize and strengthen memories
Restoration Theory
Sleep restores resources depleted during wakefulness
Activation-Synthesis Theory
REM activates random neurons → Cortex tries to make sense
Dreams are random brain activity synthesized into coherent stories
Consolidation Theory
Organize and store memories during REM
Insomnia
Difficulty in falling/staying asleep
Narcolepsy
Sudden sleep attacks
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Acting out dreams (w/out REM paralysis)
睡眠时运动，包括踢腿、拳击、挥动手臂或从床上跳起。睡眠时说话、大笑、哭泣、咒骂或情绪爆发
Sleep Apnea
Breathing interruptions
Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)
Physical activity during deep sleep
Concepts
Mental representations of objects & categories
Prototype
Your best example of a concept Helps sort information easier but it is harmful because this causes stereotypes
Proto (first) type.
A mental image of a concept (“best example”)
Has all of the most typical features of an item/concept
Golden Retriever - dog
Bald Eagle - bird
Schema
“文件柜” Frameworks that help us organize and interpret new information
Leads to assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation
integrating new information into existing schemas without changing them.
Accommodation
modifying schemas to include new information
Algorithm
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution by exploring all possibilities
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that help make judgments quickly and efficiently.
EX: Text asking me for my credit card/password = SCAM
Representative Heuristic
Judging based on how well something fits a prototype
Availability Heuristic
Making decisions based on the information most readily available
Executive Functions
Higher-level cognitive processes
include planning, organizing, and critical thinking
↳ Essential for carrying out goal-directed behaviors
Confirmation Bias
tendency to search for information that supports our preexisting beliefs while ignoring information that contradicts those beliefs
Hindsight Bias
tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that you “knew it all along” (outcome was predictable, even if it wasn’t)
Gambler’s Fallacy
The mistaken belief that past random events affect the likelihood of future outcomes
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
Continuing an endeavor because of the resources already invested, despite the outcome being unfavorable
Priming
无意识地激活记忆中的某些联想，它可以在无意识的情况下影响思想、感知和行为。
例如：约会应用程序的red flag，可能会导致过度分析并导致错误的结果。
如果一个人间接接触到与智力相关的词语（例如“天才”或“聪明”），他们可能会因为积极的启动效应在智力测试中表现得更好。
另一方面，如果接触到负面的刻板印象，他们可能会因为刻板印象威胁（一种启动形式）而表现不佳。
Framing
问题的表述方式会影响我们对该情况的判断方式
例如：2 瓶药，药品 A：存活率为 90% 药品 B：死亡率为 10% 人们更有可能选择药品 A，因为它听起来更积极、更令人愉悦
Mental set
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past
Divergent Thinking
Exploring multiple possible solutions (Alternative Uses Test, brainstorming)
Convergent Thinking
Focusing on finding the single best solution (RAT Test)
Functional Fixedness
Tendency to see objects as only functioning in their usual way → can hinder creative thinking
general ability
Intelligence as a general ability (Charles Spearman’s “g”)
Single Ability; Born with 1 intelligence (Math verbal spatial speed)
Triarchic intelligence
1) analytic (Problem-solving, metacomponents guide strategies, knowledge acquisition aids learning)
2) creative (Insights, synthesis, adapting to novelty, and efficient automatization)
3) practical (contextual, “street smarts”)
Multiple Intelligence (Historical Perspectives on Intelligence)
1) visual-spatial
2) verbal linguistic
3) bodily-kinesthetic
4) logical-mathematical
5) musical
6) interpersonal
7) intrapersonal
8) naturalistic
crystallized intelligence
knowledge and skills gained from experience (older people)
fluid intelligence
problem-solving and reasoning in novel situations (younger people)
Standardization
Consistent procedures for fair results.
Validity
validity refers to how well a test or research study measures what it is supposed to measure.
Types include construct (measuring the intended construct) and predictive (predicting future performance).
Reliability
Consistent results over time (test-retest, split-half).
点在不在一起
Construct Validity
Test measures what it is designed to
Predictive Validity
Ability to predict future outcomes
Test-Retest Reliability
Stability of scores over time
If a student takes an IQ test one month and scores 110, a highly reliable test should yield a similar score (e.g., within 5-10 points) if taken again under similar conditions after a short period.
Split-Half Reliability
Consistency within the test itself
For a 50-question intelligence test, if scores on odd-numbered questions (half 1) align closely with scores on even-numbered questions (half 2), the test has high split-half reliability.
Stereotype-threat
at risk of confirming, as a self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one’s social group
EX：Girls are bad at math!
Stereotype-Lift
performance boost from positive stereotypes
EX：Girls are better at art!
Asian students are better at math!*
The Flynn Effect
The observed rise in average IQ scores over time across many parts of the world.
Aptitude
Predict what you can learn (SAT test)
Achievement
Assess what you learned (AP Test)
Fixed Mindset
Belief that intelligence is static and unchangeable
↳ Less effort and resilience in facing challenges
Growth Mindset
Belief that intelligence can be developed through experience and learning
↳ Greater motivation, persistence, and higher achievement.
Delta Waves
Asleep
Alpha Waves
Awake
