unit 0 Flashcards
Standard Deviation
计算每个分数与平均值的差距
Skewed distributions
The scores don’t spread evenly around the center because there is an unusual number of high or low scores
“Normal” distributions
In a normal distribution the mean, median, and mode are the SAME NUMBER
Measures of Central Tendency
3 Measures: The mean…the average The median…the MIDDLE OF THE ROAD The mode…the MOST repeated score (say it again…)
Descriptive Statistics
该数据集可以代表整个人口或人口样本
Inferential Statistics
Procedures that determine whether data from a random sample can be generalized to a particular population 确定随机样本数据是否可以推广到特定人群的程序
Illusory Correlations
The mistaken perception that 2 statistically unrelated events are actually related. 错误地认为两个统计上不相关的事件实际上是相关的。
Scatterplots
illustrate correlations show the relationship between two dependent variables One variable on x-axis, other on y-axis Individual data point displayed as a point If points are closer to forming a line → stronger correlation
correlation coefficient (r)
A number that falls between -1.00 and 1.00
Confounding Variables
an uncontrolled variable that can impact dependent variable
Placebo Effect
because you think you are being treated, you perceive health benefits
Representative sample
mirrors population traits
Operational Definition
precisely describes how a concept is measured or observed within a specific study 精确地描述了如何在特定研究中测量或观察一个概念
Negative skew
The mean smaller than its median. Mean median mode
Positive skew
The mean is greater than the median. Mode median mean
Statistical Significance
运行 t 检验 → 得出 p 值（概率）, smaller than 5% then because of indent pendent V
Inferential Statistics
确定随机样本数据是否可以推广到特定人群的程序
Illusory Correlations
错误地认为两个统计上不相关的事件实际上是相关的
Double-Blind study
受试者和实验者都穿着制服
confirmation bias
人类倾向于只寻找支持某一立场或想法的信息
Single-Blind study
参与者不知道自己属于experimental组还是control组
Dependent variable
what the experimenter measures(effect)
Independent variable
what the experimenter changes (cause)
Response bias
what people say is often different from what they do
Naturalistic observation
自然环境中观察受试者的方法
meta-analysis
研究人员将多项研究的结果结合起来得出总体结论
case study
研究人员对单个个体、群体或现象进行深入分析的研究方法
survey
一种数据收集工具，用于收集有关个人信息
Correlational
用于检查两个或多个变量之间的关系
experimental
研究变量之间因果关系的科学方法
