Unit 4: Memory Flashcards
Explicit Memory
Explicit - Easy to Explain
Think CONSCIOUS
more easily described or explained to others
knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
*Sometimes called “declarative memory”
EX: 朋友和家人的生日。毕业典礼、婚礼和其他活动。下次看医生的日期和时间。地理位置，例如国家/地区的名称和位置。
Infantile Amnesia
inability of adults to recall memories from early childhood
hippocampus doesn’t develop until age 3
Episodic Memory
Long-term memory for specific life events
Used to recall past experiences
Like watching an EPISODE of a show
Semantic Memory
Long Term Memory System
storage of general knowledge of the world
vocabulary
facts
“2+2 = 4”
“Michigan is a U.S. state.”
Implicit Memory
Implicit - Impossible to Explain
*Sometimes called “Nondeclarative memory”
Unconsciously shapes perceptions and behavior
Operates without awareness or intention
EX: riding a bike, driving a stick-shift car, using the same verbal patterns as friends (e.g., saying “like” repeatedly)
Procedural
Ex: playing piano, typing, tennis, speaking English
Our unexplainable knowledge of how to do things
Activated once a task is well learned/automatic
Classical Conditioning…
Associations between two things/events
Prospective memory
Remembering future tasks
前瞻记忆
Needs long-term memory… to remember the task itself
Needs working memory… for task activation (→ conscious)
Vulnerable to interruptions (older adults!!!)
EX: emailing, paying bills, medication
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation
你排练得越多，这些神经连接就越强，并且会增加激发潜力（增强作用）。
Synaptic Gap
Meeting point between two neurons
Working Memory
Engages in a dynamic interaction between sensory memory and long term memory
Store and process limited amounts of information of an immediate sense
用于保存和处理信息的临时存储系统
Limited in capacity
Mental sketchpad
Sensory memory
The stage of memory that holds an exact copy of incoming information for just a few seconds
BRIEF [150-500 msec (visual); 1-2 sec for (auditory)] but LARGE capacity
iconic memory
for visual information
i - eye
echoic memory
for auditory information
Inattentional blindness…
当个体的注意力集中在另一项任务上时，他们无法注意到视野中明显但意外的物体或事件的现象，即使意外的刺激在他们的注意力空间焦点内。
Change blindness
a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by the observer
Long Term Memory
a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves info
Unlimited capacity and duration
Types of long-term memory
(explicit vs. implicit)
Retrieval cues → access stored information
Short Term Memory (STM)
Limited capacity
Duration: ~20-30 seconds without rehearsal
rehearsal → encoding information into long-term memory
Levels of Processing
Information processing varies based on task instructions
memory is encoded at different depths
Retention is best with deep, elaborative processing
Structural (Level of Processing)
-Encodes based on psychical appearance of information -Weak retention
Shallow Processing
EX: Recognizing if a word is written in capital letters or noticing the font style
Phonemic (Level of Processing)
Based on Sound Moderate retention
Semantic (Level of Processing)
\Meaning of info Understanding the definition, then relate it to itself Strong retention
Shallow Processing
浅层处理或维护演练
focuses on the physical features of an item rather than its meaning
color, length, font, or sound
Deep Processing
focuses on the meaning
forming associations between old and new information
effort on making elaborate connections with existing knowledge
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system.
Storage
The retention of encoded material over time.
Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Mnemonics
Strategies to aid in encoding information into working and long-term memory
Create meaningful connections
Method of Loci
Associating information with specific locations or images
Chunking
Grouping information into meaningful chunks or categories
Serial Position Effect
The order which information is presented will affect how well something is remembered
信息呈现的顺序会影响记忆的程度
Primacy effect
First items in a list rehearsed, more likely in long-term memory
The first item in a list is most likely to be remembered
Recency effect
Last items reported first from working memory
The last item in a list is most likely to be remembered
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repetition of information to keep it in STM
维持性复述的一个例子是重复一个电话号码，无论是默默地还是大声地，直到一个人能拿到电话并拨打这个号码。
EX: repeating a phone number
Elaborative Rehearsal
Deeply processing information by associating it with meaning → helps transfer it to LTM.
EX: Connecting new information to what you already know
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)
Ability to recall nearly every detail of ones personal life
Self-Reference Effect
Memories tied to personal experiences or self-identity are
anterograde amnesia
前行性遗忘症， 无法形成新的记忆
retrograde amnesia
逆行遗忘症， 无法检索旧记忆
proactive interference
旧知识干扰新信息的学习
“Pro” = Forward = old to new
retroactive interference
当新获得的信息阻碍我们回忆以前获得的信息时，就会发生逆向干扰
“Retro” = backward = new to old
Alzheimer’s Disease
progressive neurodegenerative disorder → dementia (gradual decline in ability to think, remember, and perform everyday tasks)
Schemas
organized mental frameworks that we rely on to interpret and filter incoming information
Recognition
Identifying correct information from provided cues.
Example: A multiple choice test, hints
Recall
Remembering information without external cues
Example: An essay test
Context Effects
IF same environment where the information was encoded → retrieval is easier
State-dependent memory
IF same physical or emotional state as when it was encoded.
Testing Effect
Being tested on material strengthens memory and aids long-term retention
Retrieval Practice
Actively trying to recall information improves future retrieval
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of your own memory processes
Example: Quizzing yourself → reflecting on what you do/not know
Forgetting Curve
most forgetting occurs early
rate of forgetting slows over time
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
The feeling that you know something but cant quite recall it at the moment is due to the lack of retrieval cues.
Repression
people may forget memories that are too distressing by pushing them out of conscious awareness
Misinformation Effect
when incorrect information is introduced after an event
errors in memory that occur when new information influences existing memories
Flashbulb Memory
Vivid memories of rare stressful emotional events (not accurate and changes overtime)
Source Amnesia
Forgetting the source of a memory while retaining the content of the memory
Constructive Memory
Memories are not perfect recordings
Can be influenced by imagination
↳ leading to altered or false memories
Imagination Inflation
Repeatedly imagining events can lead to the belief that they actually happened
