drug Flashcards
Addiction
Overtime drug use→ brain function/structure impaired → compulsive patterns of use
Withdrawal
(Unpleasant) physiological symptoms when you stop to use drugs; opposite of drug
Tolerance
Increasingly larger doses are required to achieve the same effect.
Antagonists
drugs that block or impede the activity of a given neurotransmitter
Agonists
drugs that mimic/facilitate activity of a given neurotransmitter 促进
Heroin
depressant, involve dopamine
Ecstasy
stimulant/hallucinogen, involve: serotonin
marijuana
hallucinogen, invole: dopamine
LSD
hallucinogen, invole: serotonin
Meth
stimulant, Neurotransmitter involved: dopamine
Cocaine
Stimulant, Neurotransmitter involved: dopamine
Alcohol
depressant, Neurotransmitter involved:GABA Gluamte
parasympathetic
calm down
Sympathetic
心率加速,抑制消化功能
Multiple Sclerosis (MS):
body’s immune system mistakenly attacks myelin sheath → disrupts the flow of electrical signals in nervous system
Receptor
If binding ↳ Makes neuron fire = excitatory ↳ Prevents firing = inhibitory
On dendrite: neurotransmitters attach & transmit message
Reuptake
Reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the axon of the sending neuron
Synaptic Gap
Junction (tiny gap) between neurons Where neurons communicate with each other
Neurotransmitter
chemical messenger between neurons
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium-Potassium Pump: Channel that regulates the charge for resting state
Threshold
the level of excitatory neurotransmitters that a neuron must absorb before it will fire
Oxytocin
- Functions: Known as the “love hormone,” it promotes social bonding, trust, empathy, and emotional connection. It’s also involved in childbirth and breastfeeding, enhancing maternal bonding.
Melatonin
- Functions: Regulates the sleep-wake cycle by signaling the body when it’s time to sleep. It is primarily produced in response to darkness and helps maintain circadian rhythms.
Ghrelin
- Functions: Known as the “hunger hormone,” it stimulates appetite and increases food intake. Ghrelin levels rise before meals and decrease after eating.
Leptin
- Functions: Regulates appetite and body weight by signaling to the brain that you’re full. High leptin levels reduce hunger, while low levels increase it.
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Hormones
- Functions: Released during the fight-or-flight response, it increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply, preparing the body for action in stressful situations.
Acetylcholine
- Functions: Involved in muscle contraction, learning, memory, and attention. It’s essential for communication between motor neurons and muscles.
Substance P
- Functions: Involved in transmitting pain signals to the brain. It plays a role in inflammatory processes and in the perception of pain.
Endorphins
- Functions: Act as natural painkillers and stress relievers. Endorphins also trigger positive feelings, often referred to as the “runner’s high.”
GABA
- Functions: The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It helps regulate anxiety, relaxes muscles, and promotes calmness by preventing overstimulation.
Glutamate
- Functions: The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is crucial for learning, memory, and brain plasticity. Excessive levels can cause neurotoxicity.
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline):
- Functions: Plays a role in alertness, arousal, and the fight-or-flight response. It also influences attention, concentration, and mood regulation.
Serotonin
- Functions: Regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and digestion. It’s often associated with feelings of well-being and happiness. Low levels are linked to depression and anxiety. two O’s Affects mOOd
Dopamine.
- Functions: Involved in reward, pleasure, motivation, and motor control. It plays a key role in reinforcement and addiction, as well as movement coordination (e.g., Parkinson’s disease is related to low dopamine levels). dopaMine affects Motivation
homeostasis
balance
Autonomic Nervous System UNCONSIOUS
Nerves for glands & muscles Autopilot/Automatic activities Heartbeat, digestion, hormones 2 sub groups sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Mostly outside of brain and spinal cord Carries sensory and motor signals to/from CNS via nerves Somatic nervous system (SNS) Autonomic nervous system
Central Nervous System
Includes the brain and the spinal cord interacts with all processes in the body
Motor Neurons
Exits the Brain, 连接全身的肌肉、腺体和器官
Sensory Neurons
Approaches the brain
Refractory Period
The neuron must rest and recharge before it can fire again
All-or-None Principle
The neuron always fires at the same intensity. 神经元总是以相同的强度发射。
Action Potential
电 events that begin when a neuron reaches the threshold. 当神经元达到阈值时开始的电事件。
Resting Potential
the neuron is waiting for depolarization 神经元正在等待去极化
Dendrites
Receive info from other neurons 从其他神经元接收信息
Axon
pass messages to other neurons or muscles 向其他神经元或肌肉传递信息
Terminal branches
connection to other neurons/cells 与其他神经元/细胞的连接
