perspective Flashcards
Biological
Explains behavior through genetics, brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones.
通过遗传学、大脑结构、神经递质和激素解释行为。
- Neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin)
- Brain structure and function
- Genetics and heredity
Evolutionary
Focuses on how natural selection has shaped behaviors that aid survival and reproduction.
重点关注自然选择如何塑造有助于生存和繁殖的行为。
- Natural selection
- Adaptive behaviors
- Survival instincts
Psychodynamic
Behavior is influenced by unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, and repressed thoughts. personality
行为受到无意识的冲突、童年经历和压抑的思想的影响。
- Self-actualization (Maslow)
- Unconditional positive regard (Rogers)
- Free will and personal growth
Behavioral
Behavior is learned through conditioning, reinforcement, and modeling.
行为是通过条件反射、强化和建模来学习的。
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
- Operant conditioning (Skinner)
- Observational learning (Bandura)
Cognitive
Focuses on thoughts, beliefs, and mental processes that influence behavior. memory
关注影响行为的思想、信仰和心理过程。
EX: Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years):
Formal Operational Stage (12+ years)
Attribution Theory (Heider)
Humanistic
Emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and free will.
强调个人成长、自我实现和自由意志。
EX: A person struggling with self-esteem finds fulfillment through therapy that emphasizes their potential.
- Self-actualization (Maslow)
- Unconditional positive regard (Rogers)
- Free will and personal growth
Sociocultural
Examines how culture, society, and social interactions shape behavior.
研究文化、社会和社会互动如何塑造行为。
EX :A teenager’s body image issues stem from unrealistic beauty standards in their culture.
青少年的身体形象问题源于其文化中不切实际的审美标准。
Cultural norms and values
- Socioeconomic status
- Discrimination and social roles
Biopsychosocial
Combines biological, psychological, and social factors to explain behavior.
结合生物、心理和社会因素来解释行为。
EX: Anxiety might be influenced by genetics (biological), negative thought patterns (psychological), and family stress (social).
焦虑可能受到遗传（生物学）、消极思维模式（心理）和家庭压力（社会）的影响。
