unit 5 pt 1

Question 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Answer 2

recall

Question 3

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Answer 3

recognition

Question 4

a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Answer 4

relearning

Question 5

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Answer 5

encoding

Question 6

the retention of encoded information over time

Answer 6

storage

Question 7

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 7

retrival

Question 8

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Answer 8

parallel processing

Question 9

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 9

sensory memory

Question 10

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 10

short term memory

Question 11

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 11

working memory

Question 12

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Answer 12

explicit memory

Question 13

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 13

effortful processing

Question 14

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Answer 14

automatic processing

Question 15

retention independent of conscious recollection

Answer 15

implicit memory

Question 16

retention independent of conscious recollection

Answer 16

iconic memory

Question 17

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Answer 17

echoic memory

Question 18

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 18

chunking

Question 19

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 19

mnemonicsa

Question 20

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 20

spacing effect

Question 21

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Answer 21

long term memory

Question 22

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Answer 22

testing effect

Question 23

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 23

shallow processing

Question 24

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Answer 24

deep processing

Question 25

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Answer 25

semantic memory

Question 26

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Answer 26

episodic memory

Question 27

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

Answer 27

hippocampus

Question 28

the neural storage of a long-term memory

Answer 28

memory consolidaton

Question 29

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 29

flashbulb memory

Question 30

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 30

long term potential

Question 31

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

Answer 31

priming

Question 32

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Answer 32

encoding specificity principle

Question 33

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Answer 33

MOOD CONGRUENT theory

Question 34

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list

Answer 34

serial position effect

Question 35

an inability to form new memories

Answer 35

anterograde amnesia

Question 36

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Answer 36

retrograde amnesia

Question 37

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 37

proactive interference

Question 38

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Answer 38

retroactive interference

Question 39

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Answer 39

repression

Question 40

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Answer 40

reconsolidation

Question 41

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Answer 41

misinformation effect

Question 42

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Answer 42

source amnesia

Question 43

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Answer 43

deja vu

Question 44

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 44

cognition

Question 45

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 45

concept

Question 46

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 46

prototype

Question 47

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 47

creativity

Question 48

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Answer 48

convergent thinking

Question 49

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

Answer 49

divergent thinking

Question 50

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Answer 50

algorithm

Question 51

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Answer 51

heuristic

Question 52

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 52

insight

Question 53

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 53

confirmation bias

Question 54

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Answer 54

fixation

Question 55

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 55

mental set

Question 56

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 56

intuition

Question 57

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Answer 57

representativeness heuristic

Question 58

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Answer 58

availability heuristic

Question 59

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Answer 59

overconfidence

Question 60

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 60

belief perseverance

Question 61

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Answer 61

framing

Question 62

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Answer 62

language

Question 63

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 63

phenome

Question 64

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Answer 64

morpheme

Question 65

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 65

grammar

Question 66

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Answer 66

babbling stage

Question 67

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 67

one word stage

Question 68

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Answer 68

two word stage

Question 69

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—”go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs.

Answer 69

telegraphic speech

Question 70

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).

Answer 70

aphasia

Question 71

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Answer 71

brocas area

Question 72

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

Answer 72

wernickes area

Question 73

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 73

liguistic determinism

Question 74

the weaker form of “linguistic relativity”—the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is “relative to” our cultural language).

Answer 74

linguistic influence