chapter 1 Flashcards
A kind of thinking in which you question, analyze, interpret, evaluate and make a judgement about what you read.
Critical thinking
The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
Empiricism
An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
Struturalism
The process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe ones own psychological processes
Introspection
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2
Behaviorism
A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential
Humanistic psychology
The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, and solve problems
Cognitive psychology
An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Functionalism
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Cognitive Neuroscience
The science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
Nature-nurture issue
The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Natural selection
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Evolutionary psychology
The study of the relative power limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Behavior genetics
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Culture
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
Positive psychology
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychosocial, and social cultural view points.
Biopsychosocial approach
The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
Behavioral psychology
The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neutral, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)
Biological psychologists
A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
Psychodynamic Psychology
The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
Social cultural psychology
Enhanced memory after retrieving , rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effort or test enhanced learning.
Testing effect
A study method incorporating five steps; survey, question, read, retrieve, review
sq3r
The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
psychometrics
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Basic research
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
Developmental psyhology
The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
Educational psychology
The study of individuals characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality psychology
The scientific study of how we think about influence, and relate to one another
Social psychology
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Applied research
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places
Industrial-organizational psychology
A field of psychology allied with o/i psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
Human factors psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being
Counseling psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Clinical psychology
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical (drug) treatments as well as psychological counseling
Psychiatry
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
Community psychology
