Ch1 (b) Psychology as science Flashcards
The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by
William James
William James was a prominent American
functionalist.
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Calkins
Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.?
Margaret Washburn
Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
William James
The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian
physician
In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________
mental life; observable behavior
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?
John B. Watson
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
Sigmund Freud
In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________.
childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential
Behaviorists dismissed the value of
instrospection
Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection?
Watson
Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of
healthy growth potential
In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorists to be excessively
mechanistic
In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
mental processes
Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?
cognitive neuroscience
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes
Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of
nature versus nurture.
Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding
nature versus nurture
Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of
nature and nurture
In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.
nurture; nature
