Ch1 (b) Psychology as science

Question 1

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by

Answer 1

William James

Question 2

William James was a prominent American

Answer 2

functionalist.

Question 3

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

Answer 3

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

Question 4

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

Answer 4

Mary Calkins

Question 5

Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.?

Answer 5

Margaret Washburn

Question 6

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

Answer 6

William James

Question 7

The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian

Answer 7

physician

Question 8

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________

Answer 8

mental life; observable behavior

Question 9

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?

Answer 9

John B. Watson

Question 10

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

Answer 10

Sigmund Freud

Question 11

In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________.

Answer 11

childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

Question 12

Behaviorists dismissed the value of

Answer 12

instrospection

Question 13

Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection?

Answer 13

Watson

Question 14

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of

Answer 14

healthy growth potential

Question 15

In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorists to be excessively

Answer 15

mechanistic

Question 16

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

Answer 16

mental processes

Question 17

Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?

Answer 17

cognitive neuroscience

Question 18

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

Answer 18

behavior and mental processes

Question 19

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of

Answer 19

nature versus nurture.

Question 20

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

Answer 20

nature versus nurture

Question 21

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of

Answer 21

nature and nurture

Question 22

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.

Answer 22

nurture; nature