unit 5 (part 1&2) (31-41) Flashcards
memory
learning that persists over time
recall
retrieving information
recognition
identifying items previously learned
relearning
learning something more quickly when you learn it again later
encoding
gets info into brain
storage
retains info
retrieval
gets info out again
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
sensory memory
immediate, brief recording of sensory info
short term memory
memory that holds a few items briefly
working memory
newer understanding of short term memory that adds consciousness, auditory, visual, and long term memory information
explicit memory
facts and experiences one consciously knows and can declare
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associaitons
iconic memory
momentary memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory
momentary memory of auditory stimuli
chunking
organizing items into familiar units
mnemonics
memory aids
spacing effect
tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term effects than massed
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words (ex: typing write instead of right, or there instead of their)
deep processing
encodes semantically, based on the meaning of the words; yields best retention
semantic memory
facts and general knowledge
episodic memory
experienced events
hippocampus
place in brain that stores conscious/explicit memories of facts and events
memory consolidation
neural storage of long term memory
flashbulb memory
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment
long term potentiation
increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. basis for learning and memory
priming
activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations
encoding specificity principle
idea that cues and contexts to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us to recall it
mood-congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
serial position effect
tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember past
proactive interference
old memories disrupt new memories
retroactive interference
new memroies disrupts old memories
repression
basic defense mechanism, gets rid of anxiety inducing thoughts, feelings, and memories
reconsolidation
process where previously stored memories are retrieved and altered before being stored again
misinformation effect
happens when misleading information distorts ones memory of an event
deja vu
“i’ve experienced this before” feeling
cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concept
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people
prototype
mental image or best example of a category. easy method for sorting items into categories
creativity
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
convergent thinking
narrowing available solutions down to the single best one
divergent thinking
expanding number of possible solutions, thinking that diverges in different directions
algorithm
step by step procedure that guarantees a problem solution
heuristic
short cuts; simple thinking that allows us to quickly solve problems and make judgements
insight
sudden realization of a problems solution
confirmation bias
tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions; ignoring contradictory evidence
fixation
inability to come to a fresh perspective in problem solving
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in 1 particular way, often in a way that has been successful in the past
intuition
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling of thought.
representativeness heuristic
estimating likelihood of events in terms of how well they match a particular prototype (ex: imagine someone short, slim, and likes to read poetry. more likely to be truck driver or english professor?)
availability heuristic
estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory (if an instance comes easily to mind, its perceived as a common event)
overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct
belief perserverance
tendency to cling to beliefs in face of contrary evidence
framing
the way an issue is posed. wording can seriously affect decisions/judgement
phonene
smallest distinctive sound unit. ex: that has 3 phonenes. th, a, t.
morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning, word or part of word. ex: morpheme for readers would be read, er, s.
grammar
languages set of rules that enable people to communicate
babbling stage
4 months, stage of speech where infant utters various sounds spontaneously (‘dada’, ‘mama’)
one word stage
age 1-2, child speaks mostly in single words
two word stage
age 2, child speaks mostly in 2 word statements
telegraphic speech
early speech stage where child speaks like telegram, mostly uses nouns and verbs. (ex: go car, want juice)
aphasia
impairment of language, caused by left hemisphere damage to brocas or wenickes area
brocas area
controls language expression – muscle movements involved in speech
wernickes area
language comprehension and expression (if damaged: unable to understand others words, can only produce meaningless sentences
linguistic determinism
language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
linguistic influence
idea that language affects thought
long term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory
source amnesia
faulty memory for how or when information was learned
charles spearman
general cognitive ability; theory of intelligence
howard gardner
developmental psychologist, theory of multiple intelligences
robert sternberg
3 aspects to intelligence: creativity, analytical, practical
alfred binet
invented first practical IQ test: binet simon
david wechsler
invented first intelligence test
intellegence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
general intellegence
according to spearman, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
factor analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters or related items
savant syndrome
condition where person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
grit
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals
emotional intellegence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
intelligence test
method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with others via numerical scores
achievement test
test designed to assess what a person has learned
aptitude test
test designed to predict a persons future performance; capacity to learn
mental age
level of performance associated with certain chronological age
stanford-binet
widely used american revision of binets original intelligence test
intelligence quotient
IQ; mental age / chronological age * 100
wechsler adult intelligence scale
widely used intelligence test that contains verbal and nonverbal subtests
standardizaition
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
normal curve
symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many kinds of data
reliability
extent to which a test yields consistent results
validity
extent to which a test measures or predicts what its supposed to
content validity
extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
cohort
group of people sharing a common characteristic
crystallized intellegence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with age
fluid intellegence
ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases with age
cross-sectional study
observational studies that analyze data from the population at a single point in time
longitudinal study
follows individuals over a prolonged period of time, usually years
down syndrome
intellectual disability caused by extra copy of chromosome 21
intellectual disability
condition of limited mental ability, IQ 70 or below
heritability
extent to which variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes
stereotype threat
self confirming concern that one will be evaulated based on a negative stereotype
