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ap psychology > unit 5 (part 1&2) (31-41) > Flashcards

unit 5 (part 1&2) (31-41) Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

learning that persists over time

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2
Q

recall

A

retrieving information

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3
Q

recognition

A

identifying items previously learned

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4
Q

relearning

A

learning something more quickly when you learn it again later

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5
Q

encoding

A

gets info into brain

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6
Q

storage

A

retains info

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7
Q

retrieval

A

gets info out again

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8
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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9
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate, brief recording of sensory info

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10
Q

short term memory

A

memory that holds a few items briefly

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11
Q

working memory

A

newer understanding of short term memory that adds consciousness, auditory, visual, and long term memory information

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12
Q

explicit memory

A

facts and experiences one consciously knows and can declare

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13
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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14
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information

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15
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associaitons

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary memory of visual stimuli

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17
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary memory of auditory stimuli

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18
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar units

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19
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids

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20
Q

spacing effect

A

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term effects than massed

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21
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving

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22
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words (ex: typing write instead of right, or there instead of their)

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23
Q

deep processing

A

encodes semantically, based on the meaning of the words; yields best retention

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24
Q

semantic memory

A

facts and general knowledge

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25
Q

episodic memory

A

experienced events

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26
Q

hippocampus

A

place in brain that stores conscious/explicit memories of facts and events

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27
Q

memory consolidation

A

neural storage of long term memory

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28
Q

flashbulb memory

A

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment

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29
Q

long term potentiation

A

increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. basis for learning and memory

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30
Q

priming

A

activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations

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31
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

idea that cues and contexts to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us to recall it

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32
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

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33
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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34
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

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35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember past

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36
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories disrupt new memories

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37
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memroies disrupts old memories

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38
Q

repression

A

basic defense mechanism, gets rid of anxiety inducing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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39
Q

reconsolidation

A

process where previously stored memories are retrieved and altered before being stored again

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40
Q

misinformation effect

A

happens when misleading information distorts ones memory of an event

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41
Q

deja vu

A

“i’ve experienced this before” feeling

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42
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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43
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people

44
Q

prototype

A

mental image or best example of a category. easy method for sorting items into categories

45
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

46
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing available solutions down to the single best one

47
Q

divergent thinking

A

expanding number of possible solutions, thinking that diverges in different directions

48
Q

algorithm

A

step by step procedure that guarantees a problem solution

49
Q

heuristic

A

short cuts; simple thinking that allows us to quickly solve problems and make judgements

50
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of a problems solution

51
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions; ignoring contradictory evidence

52
Q

fixation

A

inability to come to a fresh perspective in problem solving

53
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in 1 particular way, often in a way that has been successful in the past

54
Q

intuition

A

effortless, immediate, automatic feeling of thought.

55
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

estimating likelihood of events in terms of how well they match a particular prototype (ex: imagine someone short, slim, and likes to read poetry. more likely to be truck driver or english professor?)

56
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory (if an instance comes easily to mind, its perceived as a common event)

57
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct

58
Q

belief perserverance

A

tendency to cling to beliefs in face of contrary evidence

59
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed. wording can seriously affect decisions/judgement

60
Q

phonene

A

smallest distinctive sound unit. ex: that has 3 phonenes. th, a, t.

61
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit that carries meaning, word or part of word. ex: morpheme for readers would be read, er, s.

62
Q

grammar

A

languages set of rules that enable people to communicate

63
Q

babbling stage

A

4 months, stage of speech where infant utters various sounds spontaneously (‘dada’, ‘mama’)

64
Q

one word stage

A

age 1-2, child speaks mostly in single words

65
Q

two word stage

A

age 2, child speaks mostly in 2 word statements

66
Q

telegraphic speech

A

early speech stage where child speaks like telegram, mostly uses nouns and verbs. (ex: go car, want juice)

67
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, caused by left hemisphere damage to brocas or wenickes area

68
Q

brocas area

A

controls language expression – muscle movements involved in speech

69
Q

wernickes area

A

language comprehension and expression (if damaged: unable to understand others words, can only produce meaningless sentences

70
Q

linguistic determinism

A

language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

71
Q

linguistic influence

A

idea that language affects thought

72
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory

73
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory for how or when information was learned

74
Q

charles spearman

A

general cognitive ability; theory of intelligence

75
Q

howard gardner

A

developmental psychologist, theory of multiple intelligences

76
Q

robert sternberg

A

3 aspects to intelligence: creativity, analytical, practical

77
Q

alfred binet

A

invented first practical IQ test: binet simon

78
Q

david wechsler

A

invented first intelligence test

79
Q

intellegence

A

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

80
Q

general intellegence

A

according to spearman, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

81
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical procedure that identifies clusters or related items

82
Q

savant syndrome

A

condition where person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

83
Q

grit

A

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals

84
Q

emotional intellegence

A

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

85
Q

intelligence test

A

method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with others via numerical scores

86
Q

achievement test

A

test designed to assess what a person has learned

87
Q

aptitude test

A

test designed to predict a persons future performance; capacity to learn

88
Q

mental age

A

level of performance associated with certain chronological age

89
Q

stanford-binet

A

widely used american revision of binets original intelligence test

90
Q

intelligence quotient

A

IQ; mental age / chronological age * 100

91
Q

wechsler adult intelligence scale

A

widely used intelligence test that contains verbal and nonverbal subtests

92
Q

standardizaition

A

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

93
Q

normal curve

A

symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many kinds of data

94
Q

reliability

A

extent to which a test yields consistent results

95
Q

validity

A

extent to which a test measures or predicts what its supposed to

96
Q

content validity

A

extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

97
Q

predictive validity

A

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

98
Q

cohort

A

group of people sharing a common characteristic

99
Q

crystallized intellegence

A

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with age

100
Q

fluid intellegence

A

ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases with age

101
Q

cross-sectional study

A

observational studies that analyze data from the population at a single point in time

102
Q

longitudinal study

A

follows individuals over a prolonged period of time, usually years

103
Q

down syndrome

A

intellectual disability caused by extra copy of chromosome 21

104
Q

intellectual disability

A

condition of limited mental ability, IQ 70 or below

105
Q

heritability

A

extent to which variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

106
Q

stereotype threat

A

self confirming concern that one will be evaulated based on a negative stereotype

ap psychology (15 decks)

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