unit 4 (26-30) Flashcards
learning
process of acquiring new info via experience
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a behavior
associative learning
learning that 2 events occur together (classical conditioning, operant conditioning)
stimulus
event or situation that evokes a response
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
cognitive learning
gaining of mental info by observing
classical conditioning
type of learning where we link 2+ stimuli
behaviorism
watson; view that psychology should focus on objective behavior
neutral stimulus
stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response
unconditioned response
unlearned, naturally occurring response (saliva) to a US (food in mouth)
conditioned response
learned response to previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
originally neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response
acquisition
(CC) initial stage of learning, (OC) strengthening of reinforced response
higher-order conditioning
a new NS can become a new CS without the precense of a US. it just needs to be associated with a previously CS.
extinction
diminishing of a conditioned responser
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause
generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS
discrimination
ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli
operant conditioning
type of learning where a behavior becomes more likely to occur if followed by a reinforcer, less likely to occur if followed by a punisher
law of effect
rewarded behavior tends to keep happening
operant chamber
chamber containing bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer
reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
shaping
procedure where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior
discriminative stimulus
stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
positive reinforcement
presents pleasurable stimulus after a response; continues behavior (ex: pay someone to get work done)
negative reinforcement
removes something negative; continues behavior (ex: taking painkillers to end pain)
primary reinforcer
reinforcing stimulus; like one that satisfies a biological need
conditioned reinforcer
stimulus that gains power via association with primary reinforcer. secondary reinforcer
reinforcement schedule
pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a response only part of the time; slower acquisition
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforces after a set number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses
fixed-interval schedule
reinforces response after specific time period
variable-interval schedule
reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals
punishment
decreases behavior
biofeedback
system for electronically feeding back info regarding a subtle physiological state. ex: blood pressure
preparedness
biological predisposition to learn associations like taste and nausea; survival value
instinctive drift
tendency of learned behavior to revert to biologically predisposed patternsap
cognitive map
mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it
insight
sudden realization of a problems solution
intristic motivation
desire to perform behavior effectively for ones own sake
extrinsic motivation
desire to perform behavior to receive reward or avoid punishment
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor. attending to emotional needs related to stress reaction
personal control
sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
learned helplessness
hopelessness and passive resignation a person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
external locus of control
perception that outside forces beyond control determine fate
self-control
ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
observational learning
learning by observing others
modeling
observing and imitating a specific behavior
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform certain acts / observe others doing so
prosocial behavior
positive, helpful behavior
positive punishment
administer bad stimulus (spray water on misbehaving dog)
negative punishment
remove rewarding stimulus (taking away kids phone)
internal locust of control
perception that we control our own fate
