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ap psychology > unit 4 (26-30) > Flashcards

unit 4 (26-30) Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new info via experience

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2
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a behavior

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that 2 events occur together (classical conditioning, operant conditioning)

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4
Q

stimulus

A

event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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6
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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7
Q

cognitive learning

A

gaining of mental info by observing

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning where we link 2+ stimuli

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9
Q

behaviorism

A

watson; view that psychology should focus on objective behavior

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10
Q

neutral stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response

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12
Q

unconditioned response

A

unlearned, naturally occurring response (saliva) to a US (food in mouth)

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13
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

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14
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

originally neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response

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15
Q

acquisition

A

(CC) initial stage of learning, (OC) strengthening of reinforced response

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16
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a new NS can become a new CS without the precense of a US. it just needs to be associated with a previously CS.

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17
Q

extinction

A

diminishing of a conditioned responser

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18
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause

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19
Q

generalization

A

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS

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20
Q

discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of learning where a behavior becomes more likely to occur if followed by a reinforcer, less likely to occur if followed by a punisher

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22
Q

law of effect

A

rewarded behavior tends to keep happening

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23
Q

operant chamber

A

chamber containing bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer

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24
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

25
Q

shaping

A

procedure where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

26
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

27
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presents pleasurable stimulus after a response; continues behavior (ex: pay someone to get work done)

28
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removes something negative; continues behavior (ex: taking painkillers to end pain)

29
Q

primary reinforcer

A

reinforcing stimulus; like one that satisfies a biological need

30
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

stimulus that gains power via association with primary reinforcer. secondary reinforcer

31
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

32
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing desired response every time it occurs

33
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; slower acquisition

34
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforces after a set number of responses

35
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses

36
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforces response after specific time period

37
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals

38
Q

punishment

A

decreases behavior

39
Q

biofeedback

A

system for electronically feeding back info regarding a subtle physiological state. ex: blood pressure

40
Q

preparedness

A

biological predisposition to learn associations like taste and nausea; survival value

41
Q

instinctive drift

A

tendency of learned behavior to revert to biologically predisposed patternsap

42
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment

43
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

44
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of a problems solution

45
Q

intristic motivation

A

desire to perform behavior effectively for ones own sake

46
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform behavior to receive reward or avoid punishment

47
Q

problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor

48
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor. attending to emotional needs related to stress reaction

49
Q

personal control

A

sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

50
Q

learned helplessness

A

hopelessness and passive resignation a person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

51
Q

external locus of control

A

perception that outside forces beyond control determine fate

52
Q

self-control

A

ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

53
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

54
Q

modeling

A

observing and imitating a specific behavior

55
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform certain acts / observe others doing so

56
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, helpful behavior

57
Q

positive punishment

A

administer bad stimulus (spray water on misbehaving dog)

58
Q

negative punishment

A

remove rewarding stimulus (taking away kids phone)

59
Q

internal locust of control

A

perception that we control our own fate

ap psychology (15 decks)

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