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ap psychology > unit 3 (20-25) > Flashcards

unit 3 (20-25) Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

process that our sensory receptor and nervous system receive and represent stimulus from our environment

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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3
Q

perception

A

process of our brain organizing and interpreting sensory input

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4
Q

bottom up processing

A

sensory receptors –> higher processing

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5
Q

top down processing

A

using models, ideas, and expectations to try and interpret sensory information

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6
Q

selective attention

A

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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7
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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8
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment (type of inattentional blindness)

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9
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one energy form into another. ex: stimulus energies (sight, sound, smells) into neural impulses

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10
Q

psychophysics

A

studies physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

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11
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus

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13
Q

subliminal

A

below ones absolute threshold

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14
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. just noticeable difference

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15
Q

priming

A

introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus

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16
Q

webers law

A

to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum

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17
Q

sensory adaptation

A

when constantly exposed to an unchanging stimulus, we become less aware of it.

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18
Q

extrasensory perception

A

claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. (telepathy, clairvoyance, etc)

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19
Q

parapsychology

A

study of paranormal phenomena, like ESP

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20
Q

wavelength

A

sight: hue (color)
hearing: pitch

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21
Q

hue

A

color we experience

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22
Q

intensity

A

amount of energy the wave contains

sight: brightness
hearing: decibel (loudness)

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23
Q

cornea

A

eyes clear, protective outer layer. bends light to help focus

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24
Q

pupil

A

small adjustable opening, light enters through.

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25
Q

iris

A

ring of colored muscle that controls size of pupil opening.

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26
Q

lens

A

transparent structure behind pupil, changes shape to help focus images on retina

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27
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of eye, contains receptor rods+cones that begin the processing of visual info

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28
Q

accommodation

A

process which eyes lens changes to focus retina on near or far objects

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29
Q

rods

A

detect black, white, gray. sensitive to movement. necessary for twilight vision and peripheral.

30
Q

cones

A

concentrated near center of retina, function in daylight or well lit conditions. detect fine detail, give rise to color.

31
Q

optic nerve

A

carries neural impulses from eye to brain

32
Q

blind spot

A

point where optic nerve leaves eye. no receptor cells located there, spot filled in by brain.

33
Q

fovea

A

retina central focal point, where cones cluster

34
Q

3 color theory (young-helmholtz trichromatic)

A

retina contains 3 different color receptors sensitive to: red, green, blue.

35
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in visual cortex that respond to stimulus like shape, angle, or movement

36
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

37
Q

gestalt

A

organized whole

38
Q

figure ground

A

organization of visual fields into objects that stand out from surroundings

39
Q

grouping

A

tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

40
Q

depth perception

A

ability to see objects in 3 dimesion

41
Q

visual cliff

A

device used to test depth perception in young animals/babies

42
Q

binocular cue

A

depth cue that depends on use of both eyes

43
Q

retinal disparity

A

binocular cue for perceiving depth. compares retinal images from each eye. greater distance between images = closer object

44
Q

monocular cue

A

depth cue needing only 1 eye

45
Q

phi phenomenom

A

illusion of movement when 2+ lights blink on and off in quick succession

46
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as constant even as illumination and retinal images change

47
Q

color constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if illumination alters it

48
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

49
Q

frequency

A

of wavelengths in a period

50
Q

pitch

A

highness or lowness of a tone

51
Q

middle ear

A

chamber between eardrum and cochlea; contains HAS that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window

52
Q

cochlea

A

coiled, bony, fluid filled tube that sound waves pass through to trigger neural impulses

53
Q

inner ear

A

innermost part of ear. contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

54
Q

sensoineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to auditory nerve or damage to cochlea receptor cells. most common hearing loss

55
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

caused by damage to mechanical system in ear (eardrum, middle ear bones). less common

56
Q

cochlear implant

A

device for converting sounds into electrical signals. stimulates auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea

57
Q

place theory

A

theory that links pitch we hear with place where cochlea membrane is stimulated

58
Q

frequency theory

A

theory that rate of nerve impulses traveling via auditory nerve matches frequency of tone. allows us to sense pitch

59
Q

gate-control theory

A

theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that controls transmission of pain messages to brain

60
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

61
Q

kinesthesia

A

movement sense. system of sensing the position and movement of our body parts

62
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of body movement + position that enables sense of balance. located within semicircular canals; fluid in it moves with our body

63
Q

sensory interaction

A

principle that one sense may influence another (ex: smell and taste)

64
Q

embodied cognition

A

influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive prefs and judgments

65
Q

perceptual set

A

set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects top-down what we hear, taste, feel, see. mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

66
Q

opponent process theory

A

opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision.

67
Q

relative height

A

higher in vision field = farther
lower = closer

68
Q

relative size

A

smaller = farther
bigger = closer

69
Q

interposition

A

if one object partially blocks another, we perceive it as closer

70
Q

relative motion

A

as we move, objects that are stable look like their moving. objects in front of a fixation point will appear to move backwards. closer = faster object moves

71
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to meet in the distance

72
Q

light and shadow

A

shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above.

ap psychology (15 decks)

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