unit 1 part 2 (4-8)

Question 1

hindsight bias

Answer 1

tendency to believe you already knew an outcome after learning it

Question 2

theory

Answer 2

summarizes and simplifies isolated facts

Question 3

hypothesis

Answer 3

testable prediction

Question 4

operational definition

Answer 4

carefully worded statement of exact procedures in a study

Question 5

replication

Answer 5

repeating the og study w/ diff participants, materials, circumstances. if similar results; reliability grows

Question 6

case study

Answer 6

examines one individual or group in depth in the hope of revealing true things

Question 7

naturalistic observation

Answer 7

observing and recording behavior in natural situations, no enviornment manipulation or control

Question 8

survey

Answer 8

self reportive; many cases less depth. questions a representative/random sample of group

Question 9

sampling bias

Answer 9

flawed sampling process that causes unrepresentative sample

Question 10

population

Answer 10

the whole group being studied

Question 11

random sample

Answer 11

sample that fairly represents a population; everyone has an equal chance of being included

Question 12

correlation

Answer 12

how much 2 factors vary together; how well they predict eachother

Question 13

correlation coefficient

Answer 13

-1 to +1; statistic of how close 2 things are to eachother (closer to 0, less correlated)

Question 14

variable

Answer 14

anything that can vary and is ethical

Question 15

scatterplot

Answer 15

cluster of dots representing 2 variables

Question 16

illusory correlation

Answer 16

perceiving a relationship where no correlation exists, or a stronger than actual relationship

Question 17

regression towards mean

Answer 17

tendency for extreme/unusual scores to fall back toward the average

Question 18

experiment

Answer 18

research where 1 or more variables are manipulated

Question 19

experimental group

Answer 19

group exposed to treatment or independent variable

Question 20

control group

Answer 20

group that doesnt receive treatment

Question 21

random assignment

Answer 21

assigning ppl randomly by chance to experimental or control group

Question 22

double blind

Answer 22

neither participants or researchers know who has treatment or placebo

Question 23

placebo effect

Answer 23

results caused by expectations alone

Question 24

independent variable

Answer 24

experimental factor; the thing being studied

Question 25

confounding variable

Answer 25

factor that may influence study results besides IV

Question 26

dependent variable

Answer 26

outcome that is measured; may chance when IV is manipulated

Question 27

validity

Answer 27

extent to which a experiment measures or predicts what its supposed to

Question 28

informed consent

Answer 28

giving participants enough info for them to choose wether or not to join the study

Question 29

debriefing

Answer 29

postexperiment explanation of a study; includes deceptions and purpose

Question 30

descriptive statistics

Answer 30

numerical data or measure and describe characteristics of a group

Question 31

histogram

Answer 31

bar graph depicting frequency distribution

Question 32

mode

Answer 32

most frequently occurring score(s)

Question 33

mean

Answer 33

average

Question 34

median

Answer 34

middle

Question 35

skewed distribution

Answer 35

representation of scores that lack symmetry around average value

Question 36

range

Answer 36

diff between highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Question 37

standard deviation

Answer 37

how much scores vary around mean score

Question 38

normal curve

Answer 38

bell shaped curve showing distribution of data; most scores near mean

Question 39

inferential statistics

Answer 39

numerical data allowing us to generalize/infer the probability of something in a population being true

Question 40

statistic significance

Answer 40

statistical statement of how likely iti s an obtained result occured by chance