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Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Unit 5 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 5 Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

A series of chemical reactions where the respiratory system allow oxygen into the blood to the delivered to body cells for ATP production

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2
Q

Define inspiration

A

Describe the movement of air into the lungs

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3
Q

Define expiration

A

Movement of air out of the lungs

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4
Q

What muscle are embedded between the ribs and help humans breathe very deeply in and out above the normal breathing

A

Intercostal

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5
Q

In the pulmonary circuit , arteries and arterioles carry what ? Blood

A

Deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

In the pulmonary circuit venues and veins what blood?

A

Oxygenated blood

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7
Q

As you breath in through your mouth and or nose air pass through what passage way? Food and liquid also pass through this area

A

Pharynx

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8
Q

This airway is the most superior part of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea

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9
Q

To ent either the left or right lung air flow must flow through the left or right what ?

A

Bronchus

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10
Q

What are these? They are small collapsible passageways that are surround by smooth muscle cells. They are transition zone between the main airways and the exchange epithelium of the lungs

A

Bronchioles

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11
Q

These terminal air safe in the lungs are where oxygen can enter the pulmonary circulation and carbon difusor can leave

A

Alveoli

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12
Q

What is the main muscle that controls the rate and depth of breathing ? It forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

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13
Q

There are 2 main types of cells that make up the walls of the terminal sacs in the respiratory system. What type synthesis a chemical surfactant and secrete it to mix with fluid in those air sacks. This mixture makes it easier for these air sacs to expand during breathing

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

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14
Q

There are two main type of cells that make up the walls of the terminal sacs in the respiratory system. These cells make up the walls of the terminal sacs called ? They are very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly through them in or out of blood

A

Type 1 pneumocytes

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15
Q

What kind of gradient does gas, liquid always move down? From high to low?

A

Pressure gradient

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16
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Air is a mix of gases, nitrogen, oxygen carbon dixiode as well little water. This gas law is The total pressure exerted by a mixture of those different gases

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17
Q

What does partial pressure refer to?

A

When physiologist refer to pressure a single gas in mixture we put a “P” in front of the gas abbreviated. The “P” stands for partial pressure

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18
Q

Define Boyles law

A

The inverse relationship of the thoracic cavity and inside pressure.

As volume in thoracic cavity increased the lungs decrease, the pressure inside will decrease.

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19
Q

Define tidal volume

A

When looking at an X and Y graph. If you breath quietly, the volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration

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20
Q

After someone takes a normal restful breath there is still a lot of lung volume yet to be used. The lung volume above restful breathing is tapped into during exercises is known as what?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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21
Q

A lung capacity is the sum of two or more lung volumes. The sum of the volumes tidal volume and inspiiratory reserve volume is known as

A

Inspiratory capacity

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22
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

If someone does a restful exhale and then forcibly push

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23
Q

What is the volume of air that cannot be exhaled because the larynx, trachea and bronchi can’t completely close?

A

Residual volume

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24
Q

Define hypoxia

A

A lack of ATP that’s made from lack of oxygen means there is not enough energy available to maintain homeostasis and cells start to die

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25
Q

Define hypercapnia

A

Levels of carbon dioxide are above normal
hyper: above
Capnia : carbon dixiode

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26
Q

When oxygenated blood reached a systemic capillary bed, oxygen will diffuse out rid the blood and into body cells, since those body cells contain a Po2 that is (less than or greater than ) the Po2 in oxygenated blood

A

Less than

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27
Q

At systemic capillaries body cells are producing carbon dioxide through normal cellular respiration. Causing co2 to diffuse into the blood, since it’s levels in these body cells would be (less than or greater than?) the pco2 in blood

A

Greater than

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28
Q

Since deoxygenated blood has greater Pco2 than oxygenated blood it is slightly (more acidic or more alkaline) than oxygenated blood

A

More acidic

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29
Q

Each hemoglobin molecules contains four what? They bind to oxygen and contain one iron ion on each

A

Heme groups

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30
Q

Define cooperative binding

A

Hemoglobin bind each oxygen molecule progressively increased it affinity for more oxygen

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31
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase

A

An enzyme that converts co2 and h20 into H+ ions and hco3- .

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32
Q

What substances can allostericslly inhibit hemoglobin?

A

CO2 & H+

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33
Q

Since area of the body are metabolically active will they be more acidic or more alkaline than place in the body less active. Why?

A

More acidic , due to the abundance of H+ ions in those living tissues

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34
Q

What kind of relationship is there between metabolic activity and the amount of O2 that hemoblogin drops off at those tissues?

A

Direct relationship

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35
Q

What are the three places for gas exchange?

A

Ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration

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36
Q

Define ventilation

A

Also known as breathing but the • atmosphere and alveoli

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37
Q

Define external respiration

A

Between the blood and alveoli

•Alveoli to pulmonary capillaries

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38
Q

Define internal respiration

A

Between the blood and tissues

•Systemic capillaries to body tissues

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39
Q

How is gas influenced by resistance?

A

The diameter of the smooth muscle on bronchioles (airway tubes) change diameter and modulate air flow.

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40
Q

What kind of nervous control are the bronchioles under?

A

Autonomic and local

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41
Q

What anatomy is the conducting zone for the respiratory system?

A

Nadal cavity, trachea

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42
Q

Where is the upper respiratory tract for the respiratory system

A

Nadal cavity, tongue, larynx, esophagus and pharynx

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43
Q

Where is the lower tract of the respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, right & left bronchus, diaphragm and lungs

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44
Q

Of the alveolar cells which type cause gas exchange?

A

Type 1 alveolar cells

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45
Q

Of the alveolar cells which type secrete surfactant?

A

Type 2

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46
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Also known as restful breathing

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47
Q

What law describes the total pressure as a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures (P) of all individual gases

A

Daltons laws

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48
Q

Which law describes the inverse relationship between pressure & volume of a sealed chamber?

Increased volume decreases pressure.
Increased pressure means decreased volume

A

Boyles law

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49
Q

What increased during inspiration?

A

Thoracic volume increases

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50
Q

What decreases and increases during expiration?

A

Dia

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51
Q

What are two factors affecting lung tissue?

A

Compliance and elasticity

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52
Q

Define compliance

A

The ability to stretch

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53
Q

Define elasticity

A

The ability of lung tissues to return to it’s resting volume when stretching force is released

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54
Q

What are features of healthy lungs?

A

High elasticity and high compliance

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55
Q

What is carbonic acid equation

A

H2 co3

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56
Q

What is the bicarbonate equation

A

HCO3-

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57
Q

What factors affect air flow resistance?

A

Length of the system
Viscosity of air
Diameter of air way

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58
Q

What are the levels of o2 & co2 for hyperventilation

A

⬆️ Po2
⬇️ Pco2

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59
Q

What are the levels of o2 & co2 for hypoventilation?

A

⬆️ Pco2
⬇️ O2

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60
Q

Define ventilation perfusion coupling

A

control of bronchiole & arteriole diameter to sustain pulmonary perfusion to the same quality of alveolar ventilation

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61
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased pH during hyperventilation

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62
Q

What is respiratory acidosis

A

When pH is too low comes from hypoventilation

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63
Q

If co2 levels are increased? How do the bronchioles, pulmonary arteriole , arteriole and pre-capillary sphincter respond?

A

Bronchiole: dilate
Pulmonary arteriole :Constrict
Arteriole and pre-capillary sphincter :dilated

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64
Q

If Pco2 levels are decreased ? How do the bronchioles, pulmonary arteriole , arteriole and pre-capillary sphincter respond?

A

Bronchiole : constrict
Pulmonary arteriole : dilate
Systemic arteriole and pre-capillary sphincter : constrict

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65
Q

What factors affect the diffusion of co2 & o2

A

Temperature , solubility and pressure gradient

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66
Q

How does solubility of co2 & o2 differ?

A
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67
Q

How does temperature affect gas diffusion

A

⬆️ temp = ⬆️ gas diffusion rate

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68
Q

What are ideal levels of deoxygenated blood for co2& o2 & pH

A

Po2 ≤ 40mmhg
Pco2 ≥ 46 Maggie
pH: 7.37

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69
Q

What are ideal levels of oxygenated blood for co2& o2 & pH

A

Po2 =100 mmhg
Pco2= 40 mmhg
pH : 7.4 pH

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70
Q

Define oxyhemoglobin

A

To gain oxygen

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71
Q

Does co2 & o2 aqueous dissolve well?

A

No, they need assistance and get it from hemoglobin . However co2 is more soluble than water but both awful at doing so

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72
Q

Story time : oxygen

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Is dissolved in plasma
  3. Hemoglobin in RBC bind to oxygen
    4.Hb transport from pulmonary system to systemic system
  4. Cells have a low pressure gradient for o2 so Hb released o2 to enter the cells
  5. O2 dissolved in plasma
  6. Cells use the o2 for cellular respiration
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73
Q

How many oxygen molecules can bind to one Hb?

A

4

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74
Q

Define cooperative binding

A

When Hb exhibits a binding one o2 molecule increased affinity for another o2 molecule

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75
Q

What factors affect Hb-o2 bonding

A

PCO2
pH
Temperature
2,3 BPG

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76
Q

If there is high, medium and low levels of co2 how does this affect hemoglobin saturation from oxygen

A

⬇️ co2: ⬆️ Hb saturation
Med :
⬆️ co2 : ⬇️ Hb saturation

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77
Q

If there is high, medium and low levels of pH how does this affect hemoglobin saturation for oxygen

A

⬆️ pH : ⬆️ Hb saturation
Mid : mid
⬇️ pH : ⬇️ Hb saturation

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78
Q

If there is high, medium and low levels of temperature how does this affect hemoglobin saturation for oxygen

A

Colder : ⬆️ Hb saturation
3.7 ° c Mid : mid
Hot : ⬇️ Hb saturation

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79
Q

What structure is the temporary holding place for urine

A

Bladder

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80
Q

What is the anatomy structure that urine passes through after it has been filtered out of the blood

A

Ureter

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81
Q

What is bean shaped organ that filters waste out of blood.

A

Kidney

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82
Q

What organ regulates blood pressure,

A

Kidney

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83
Q

What organ erythrocytes production

A

Kidney

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84
Q

What organ balances blood pH and blood solute levels

A

Kidneys

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85
Q

Dirty blood flows into this filtering organ called?

A

Renal artery

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86
Q

clean blood flow through this organ from the kidney to the heart

A

Renal vein

87
Q

the final tube urine will travel through to exit the bladder is called ?

A

urethra

88
Q

this organ is composed of two layers. this layer is filtering organ of the urinary system

A

renal cortex

89
Q

what is outer portion of the kidney?

A

renal cortex

90
Q

this part of the urinary system is the composed of pryamid structres and in portion of the kidney

A

renal medulla

91
Q

what is the endocrine grand that sits on top of the eachfiltering organ ?

A

adrenal gland

92
Q

where are nephrons mostly located within the filtering organ

A

renal cortex

93
Q

what are the microscopic structures in each filtering organ that collect waste from the blood and concentrate it into the urine?

A

nephrons

94
Q

what is the glomerulus? function? location ?

A

a portal system where a capillary networks flows into a second capillary network before returning back to the heart. its the first set capillaries in the nephron where blood flows through

95
Q

which blood vessel supplies blood flow to the glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

96
Q

after the blood leaves the glomerulus a second set of blood vessels AKA send the blood to a second set of capillaries.

A

efferent arteriole

97
Q

what is this section? its the intail part of the filtering system that receives water and filters solutes from blood

A

bowmans capsule

98
Q

after the filtrate leave the glomerulus it enter (what? ) before the loop of henle

A

proximal convoluted tubule

99
Q

what section of filtrate goes into this next section that dips into the medulla from the cortex and back

A

loop of henle

100
Q

what is the section after the loop of henle that is father from the proximal convoluted tubule

A

distal convoluted tubule

101
Q

what is the last compartment that filtrate travels through?

A

collecting duct

102
Q

what are they called ? they surround the distal and proximal convulted tubule

A

peritubular capillaries

103
Q

what is the capillary network that surrounds the loop of henle?

A

vasa recta

104
Q

where does excretion occur within kidney? or nephrons?

A

at the end of the nephron

105
Q

define filtration

A

random movement of fluid that has small dissolved solutes and taken from the blood to the lumen of the nephron

106
Q

define secretion

A

the selective removal of toxins and ions H+ & K+ from the blood to the lumen of the nephron

107
Q

define reabsorption

A

descripion of the nephron transporting essential materials back into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

108
Q

where does reabsorption occur?

A

every compartment except the bowmans capsule

109
Q

what process happens exculsively at the glomerulus and bowmans capsule collects the filtrate

A

filtration

110
Q

what process happens exclusively at the proximal and distal convoluted tubule?

A

secretion

111
Q

when filtration leaves the collecting duct it is referred to urine and destined to what ?

A

excretion

112
Q

what is the hormone that modulates water retenetion at the collecting duct if blood pressure is low or osmolarity is high

A

vasopressin

113
Q

what hormone is realsed from sensitive stretching endocrine cells ?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

114
Q

During the descending limb of the loop of henle. What is being reabsorbed?

A

Water

115
Q

During the ascending limb of the loop of henle what is being reabsorbed?

A

Ions, Na, K+, cl-

116
Q

Are there membrane transporters on the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

True

117
Q

What membrane the inside of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

Apical membrane

118
Q

What membrane the outside of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

Basolateral membrane

119
Q

How are ions moving across the apical membrane and back into the blood of the bass recta?

A

There’s a transporter called the NKCC (na, k, cl co transporter )

120
Q

What type of transport is the NKCC

A

Secondary active transport

121
Q

How is the NKCC secondary active transport?

A

It’s is sodium driven and takes k & cl- across the apical membrane

122
Q

How does ions move out of the basal laminar membrane?

A

There is a sodium potassium pump , another secondary active transport where potassium is dependent at port with cl, channels for K+ and cl- . Positive ions pull cl- out of the basal laminate membrane

123
Q

What are the channels on the basal lamina members e side?

A

•Sodium potassium carrier protein
•Potassium chloride carrier proteinSAT
•Potassium channel
• Chloride channel

124
Q

What are the channels of the apical membrane

A

NKCC (sodium , potassium chloride cotransporter)

125
Q

What driving the movement of ions

A

Sodium concentration gradient

126
Q

What happens to the ions if you go deeper into the medulla

A

The filtrate and the interstitial fluid gets more & more concentrated the further into the medulla

127
Q

What are the counter current mechanisms of the loop of henle

A

Counter current multiplier system
Counter current exchange system

128
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier system

A

Osmolarity in the loop of henle. filtrate and interstitial fluid will increase as they go deeper into the renal medulla

129
Q

Why is counter current multiplier system valuable ?

A

It is important for maximizing the water absorption that occurs later in the collecting duct to minimize valuable water loss

130
Q

Why can the countercurrent multiplier be a problem?

A

More solutes are deposited in the renal medulla over time. Causing more and more water to be retained in the kidneys over time , swell and rip.

131
Q

What is countercurrent exchange system?

A

Involves the vasa recta.
The blood flow runs opposite direction of the limb of the loop of henle.
Ions diffuse into the blood as the vasa recta and loop of henle a dip deeper into the renal medulla.

132
Q

Why is the countercurrent exchange system important?

A

To prevent water and ion accumulation in the renal medulla

133
Q

What signal molecule is created by a chemical reaction in the blood and will stimulate more vasopressin and aldosterone release . Helps to reabsorb and retain water and solutes in your body when BP is low

A

Angiotensin

134
Q

What signal molecule helps to reabsorb and retain water and solutes in your body when BP is low

A

Angiotensin ll

135
Q

What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone

136
Q

What signal molecule acts at the collecting duct causing Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

A

Aldosterone

137
Q

What hormone acts upon the afferent arteriole and nephron tubules? It causes less vasopressin and aldosterone release?

A

Atrial natriuetic peptide

138
Q

What signal molecule is a neurohormone? Synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland into the blood

A

Vasopressin

139
Q

This signal molecule is a lipid. Meaning it enters cells and bind to receptors in the cytosol

A
140
Q

Definitely Carbaminohemoglobin

A

When a Hemoglobin binds to co2

141
Q

What is reduced hemoglobin

A

When H+ is bound to hemoglobin

142
Q

What are 4 main ways for the body to have low oxygen levels

A

• hypoxia hypoxia
• anemic hypoxia
• ischemic hypoxia
• historicism hypoxia

143
Q

What is hypoxia hypoxia? Causes?

A

Hypoxia: low oxygen level
Low arterial Po2
Causes : ⬆️ altitude , ⬇️ lung diffusion

144
Q

What is anemic hypoxia ? Causes?

A

Anemic : lack of oxygen bind to Hb
⬇️ total amount of o2 bound to hemoglobin
Causes: blood loss, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning

145
Q

What is ischemic hypoxia? Causes?

A

Ischemic :reduced blood flow
Reduced blood flow
Causes: thrombosis, heart failure

146
Q

What is histotxic hypoxia

A

Failure to cells to use o2 because cells have been poisoned
Causes: cyanide and other metabolic poisons

147
Q

What are glomus cells? Located?

A

In walls of carotid arteries and aorta,
Detect ⬇️ pH or ⬆️ Pco2 in blood or ⬇️ PO2

148
Q

What are the integrating centers for ventilation?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons?

149
Q

What do pons do during ventilation?

A

Regulate depth and rate

150
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do during ventilation?

A

Control the baseline pattern of breathing

151
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

Pressure gradient
Surface area
Membrane thickness
Diffusion distance

152
Q

What is the pre-bötzinger complex?

A

Rhythmic pattern of breathing that’s controlled by a group of neurons

153
Q

Define emphysema

A

Destruction of alveoli , low ventilation and elasticity

154
Q

Define fibrotic lung disease

A

Alveolar membrane is thickens to slow gas exchange

155
Q

What is pulmonary edema

A

There is fluid in the interstitial space between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

156
Q

Define asthma

A

Irritation in the airways that cause bronchoconstriction

157
Q

What do central chemoreceptors detect

A

Sense H+ and CO2 in CSF

158
Q

What are the function to the kidneys?

A

Regulate BP
Maintain Ion and pH
Excretion of waste
Produce hormones

159
Q

Define micturition

A

A proceeds that removed urea, uric acid and ammonium

160
Q

What is the goal of the nephrons?

A

Elimínate all waste and excess nutrients with as little water loss as possible

161
Q

Where does secretion occur?

A

Proximal consulted tubule , distal tubule and collecting duct

162
Q

What do not pass through the glomerulus? What are allowed?

A

Formed elements and plasma proteins do not leave the blood.

Small solutes can pass through the glomerulus

163
Q

Define capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Pushes outward against the walls of the capillary

164
Q

Define colloid osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure pulling fluid into the capillary

165
Q

Define bowman’s capsule fluid pressure

A

Pressure that resists movement of fluid into the capsule

166
Q

What three pressure affect glomerular filtration rate?

A

•Capillary hydrostatic pressure
•Colloid osmotic pressure
•Bowman’s capsule fluid pressure

167
Q

How leaky are glomerular capillary?

A

Fenestrated, very leaky. A glomerular capillary is part of the renal corpuscle

168
Q

What are podcytes? Location

A

They look like foot process that are part of the glomerular filtering mechanism . Part of the podocyte

169
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

The surround capillaries, they alter blood flow through capillaries, secrete cytokines (related to inflammatory response

170
Q

How many layers are there to the glomerular filter? What are they? In order?

A

3,
Capillary fenestrations
Glomerular basement
Filtration slits

171
Q

What do capillary fenestrations do?

A

Have sized pores that filter cellular elements

172
Q

What do glomerular basement membrane do

A

Have an electrical charge that repels plasma proteins

173
Q

What do filtration slits formed by podocytes do?

A

They are size openings that limited what solutes move through

174
Q

What is in the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerular and bowman’s capsule

175
Q

We know that there’s three factors that affect glomerular filtration rate. Bowman’s capsule fluid, colloid osmotic pressure and capillary hydrostatic pressure. What affects resistance

A

The afferent and efferent arterioles

176
Q

If the afferent arterioles constricts how does this affect urine production . What neurotransmitter and receptor allows this?

A

Construction = less hydrostatic pressure
Neurotransmitter : norepinephrine
Receptor alpha 1

177
Q

If the afferent arterioles dilate how does this affect urine production . What neurotransmitter and receptor allows this?

A

Dilation : ⬆️ hydrostatic pressure ⬆️ GFR

178
Q

What signal molecule affect the majority of blood vessels? This affect the kidney

A

Norepinephrine with receptor alpha 1

179
Q

What is transepitheial transport

A

Allow small protein , glucose and amino acids use this type of transport. Use of membrane transport or channels on the apical and basolateral membrane

180
Q

Define paracellular pathway

A

Transport that is dictated by simple diffusion / osmosis. Certain small ions and H20 squeeze through the junction between two adjacent cells that line the wall of the nephron

181
Q

What are essential ions being reabsorbed

A

Sodium , chloride , bicarbonate & potassium

182
Q

What is being reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

Essential organic molecule,
Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium , glucose, amino acid and small proteins

183
Q

What solutes are being reabsorbed at the ascending limp of the loop

A

Sodium, potassium and chloride

184
Q

What is being reasborbed in the distal tubule?

A

Ions and water

185
Q

What is being reabsorbed in the collecting duct

A

Ions and water

186
Q

By the end of the collecting duct how much of the original filtrate volume has been reabsorbed?

A

~99%

187
Q

How is Na reabsorbed? :story

A

Occurs in the proximal tubule

188
Q

What is ENaC

A

Epithelial Na+ channel , transport the Na through the apical membrane

189
Q

Define primary active transport

A
190
Q

Define secondary active transport

A
191
Q

Define antiport

A

When a channel move ions in opposite direction

192
Q

Define symport

A

When a carrier protein is moving ions in the same direction

193
Q

Define Uniport

A

One solute going through a carrier port

194
Q

How are small proteins reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?

A

By trasncytosis

195
Q

How do amino acids reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?

A

Co transport with sodium

196
Q

What are some example of small proteins?

A

Hormones, neurohormones, blood enzyme

197
Q

Why is na & water important for fluid and electrolytes

A

Both affect osmolarity and blood pressure

198
Q

How does K+ affect fluid & electrolyte homeostasis

A

It affects resting membrane potential in neurons like muscle and heart muscle

199
Q

How are H & HCO affect electrolyte homeostasis

A

They affect pH balance

200
Q

Define hyperkalemia

A

To high potassium

201
Q

Define hypokalemia

A

Too low potassium

202
Q

What are the consequences of too much potassium

A

The resting membrane potential is higher meaning any stimulus that would be subthreshold can trigger and action potential

203
Q

How it too little potassium be a bad thing?

A

The resting membrane potential is lower. Causing any stimulus that would reach threshold is now subthreshold and not cause an action potential.

204
Q

Where does vasopressin perform its job in the nephron?

A

Distal nephron ( distal tubule & collecting duct)

205
Q

Where does aldosterone perform its job within the nephron

A

@ distal nephron (distal tubule and collecting duct)

206
Q

What happens during high vasopressin level?

A

Secrete water into the blood vessels

207
Q

What happens during low vasopressin?

A

Water stays within the collecting duct to be excreted out

208
Q

What factors cause vasopressin release

A

⬇️ Blood volume
⬇️ atrial stretch
⬆️ osmolarity
Angiotensin ll

209
Q

What do principal cells do?

A

When stimulated by vasopressin. They become preamble to h20
Allow H20 to travel from the apical
Membrane out the basolateral membrane

210
Q

What are glandular cells? Location?

A

Baroreceptors located in the kidney. That release renin (enzyme)

211
Q

What are macula densa of distal tubule

A

Osmoreceptors in kidney

212
Q

What is renin

A

It comes from granular cells that stimulate ANG 1 in plasma

213
Q

What is ACE

A

It’s in the lungs. Angiotensin converting enzyme. That converts angiotensin l into angiotensin ll

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

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