Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the receiving area of a neuron

A

Dendrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the entire middle section of the cell that contains a majority of the organelles

A

Cell body/soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the center structure inside the cell where DNA is housed?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a myelin sheath

A

Formation of several bundles of white material that are wrapped around a thin gray structure. The bundles function as an insulation. It spreads up a action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What part of a neuron is a specialized area of a neuron that generates action potentials when appropriate stimulated

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

It act to autonomously or can be controlled by the CNS through the autonomic division of the PNS. Regulated digestive system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define sympathetic

A

The fight / flight mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define efferent neurons

A

Involuntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are the voltage gated channels on a neuron?

A

On the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the receptor channels on a neuron?

A

On the dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define a axon hillock

A

It is a thin , long gray cellular extension inside white bundles. This part of a neuron conducts or transmits action potentials from the cell body to where a neurotransmitter or neuromuscular it’s are released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an axon collateral?

A

When a axon splits off into multiple terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define a pseudounipolar neuron

A

It have a single proceeds called the axon during the development the dendrite fuse with an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define a interneuron

A

Have bits and pieces that communicate between one part of the brain to another part. Internal CNS communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define a bipolar neuron

A

Have two relatively equal fibers extending off the central cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define anaxonic neuron

A

Have interneurons with no apparent axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define a oligodendrocytes

A

A specific cells to form a myelin sheath in the CNS. They wrap a few separate neurons with their arm like extensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define microglia cells

A

Modified immune cells. They act as scavangers during brain development. To remove excess neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define astrocytes. What do they do

A

•They take up k+, water and neurotransmitters
•The secrete neurotrophicfactors
•They help form blood brain barrier , therefore provide substrates for ATP
• A source of neural stem cells like ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define neurotrophic

A

Neurogrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

They form a barrier between brain tissue and the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS

A

Ependymal cell
Astrocyte
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the PNS glial cells?

A

Satélite cell
Schwann cell (neurolemmocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do satélite cells?

A

Protect cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a Schwann cell (neurolemmacyte)

A

Form myelin sheaths and secrete neurotrophic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What voltage do neurons test at

A

~-70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of channels on dendrites and cell body control ion permeability and allow for changes in a neuron membrane potential

A

Gated channels allow the neuron to go from resting to active state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If sodium and calcium in flux what is the intracellular charge

A

Depolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If sodium and calcium efflux what change in intracellular charge

A

Hyperpolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

If chloride channel influx what is the change of intracellular charge?

A

Hyperpolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

If chloride efflux what is the intracellular charge

A

Depolarize the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

If potassium efflux what is the intracellular charge

A

Hyperpolarized , depolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a axon terminal

A

The bulbous end of a neuron where it interfaces with another cell by realeasing neurotransmitter or mueromodulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the gap between two neurons?

A

Synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define Central Nervous System

A

Division of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define peripheral nervous system

A

Branch in the nervous system that contains only sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent ) neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of nerves carry afferent signals only from the periphery to the central nervous system

A

Sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What nerves only carry out efferent signals from the CNS out to skeletal muscles

A

Motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Nerves that carry both sensory and motor signals are called what?

A

Mixed nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the general type of cell that function as a unit in the nervous system

A

Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a grade potential

A

The vary in strength and effect of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP’s)

A

Increase the likelihood that the neuron will generate its own AP. Small depolarization of the dendrites and soma body

Sodium and calcium influx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What type of neuron contain all its components such as dendrites, soma, axon , axon terminal completely within the CNS to communicate from one side of the CNS to the other

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define glial cells

A

General kind of cell in the nervous system the support neurons and form insulation around their axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are nodes of ravier

A

Tiny gaps in the myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A all or nothing phenomenon that transmits an electrical signal down the axon. A rapid change in membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a inhibitory post synaptic

A

hyper-polarization / repolarization of the dendrites or the soma

Potassium efflux or chloride influx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is threshold voltage

A

The sum of all graded potentials at the axon hillock surpasses a particular membrane potential. The neuron will fire a AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the milivolts an action potential be generated by a typical neuron

A

-55 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Define absolute refract period

A

When a neuron generates its own action potential how ever it cannot send a second Action Potential no matter how much additional stimulation it receives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

When a neuron depolarizes causing an action potential this is due to the influx of what ions

A

Na+ , ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

During depolarization of an action potential, which ion channels will be slow to open and achieve maximum permeability just after the membrane reaches maximum potential

A

K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Since potassium is slow to open and close what phase do the contribute (depolarization, hyper-polarization, repolarization ) when the cells membrane potential dips below its resting level

A

Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Define relative refracting period

A

When a neuron membrane potential slowly returns to a resting level from a Hyperpolarized state, it CAN fire a second action potential IF the stimulus is larger than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

The description of an Action Potential moving rapidly down a myelinated axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the general category of neurotransmitter that includes noreepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine

A

Amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

This general neurotransmitter category includes adenosine

A

Purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

This is the only gas that is shown as a neurotransmitter

A

Nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the specific neurotransmitter / signal molecule that has two types of receptors nicotinic and muscarinic

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Many antipsychotic drugs are antagonists for this neurotransmitter. Drugs of abuse are also typically agonist of this neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Molecules such as glutamate, GABA, glycine belong to this general family of neurotransmitter

A

Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Curare and alpha bungartoxin will block the action of these acetylcholine receptors so avoid be shot by poison darts

A

Nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Atropine will
Block the action of acetylcholine receptors. This is why atropine is used to elevate heart rate during anestesia 

A

Muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is GABA

A

GABA : gamma aminobuytric acid. Alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines potentials the effects of this neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What neurons control the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle many glands and some adipose tissue?

A

Autonomic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the name for the efferent peripheral nervous system neurons always control skeletal muscles

A

Somatic motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What autonomic neurons is dominant in stressful or active situations and is often linked to the “fight or flight” response

A

Sympathetic branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What branch in the autonomic nervous system is more active if you are resting quietly after a meal or during the quiet activities of day to day living. Aka “rest & digest”

A

Parasympathetic branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

All autonomic neural circuits consist of two neurons connected in series between the CNS and the effector. The first neuron has its cell body within the CNS

A

Pregangolinc neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted by pre- gangolic neurons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

The next neuron in circuit has its cell body out side the CNS and projects to an effector organ or target tissue

A

Post ganglionic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted by post ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system onto effector cells

A

Noreepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted by post gangolinic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system on effector cells

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the adrenal medulla

A

It contains chromaffin cells and are modified post-gangolinic sympathetic neurons that secrete their neuron prime into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What neurohormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla / chromaffin cells

A

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Pregangolinic Neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system release, acetylene onto what type of receptors on the postganglionic neurons

A

NN nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Somatic motor neurons always release acetylcholine onto what type of receptors? They are located on the motor and plates of skeletal muscle cells.

A

NM nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What kind of receptors are NM & NN nicotinic receptors

A

Cholinergic channels, always excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Postgangolinic parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine onto their target cells. However what type of receptors accept acetylcholine

A

Muscarinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What kind of receptor is muscarinic receptor?

A

In the category of Cholinergic receptor but also G-protein coupled receptor (they can be excitatory or inhibitory

82
Q

What subtype of adrenergic receptors is more sensitive to epinephrine than norepinephrine? It is found in certain blood vessels and smooth muscle organs

A

Beta-2

83
Q

What sub-type
Of adrenergic receptor has a higher affinity for norepinephrine? They are found in the digestive tract and pancreas

A

Alpha -2

84
Q

What subtype of adrenergic receptor is sensitive to norepinephrine and found in adipose tissue.

A

Beta-3

85
Q

What subtype of adrenergic receptors equally bind to epinephrine and norepinephrine and found on the heart and kidneys

A

Beta-1

86
Q

What subtype of adrenergic receptor has a higher affinity for norepinephrine and is common in sympathetic target tissues

A

Alpha-1

87
Q

What kind of receptor are the adrenergic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

88
Q

Input from what nervous system to the lungs were well results and airway, dilation to More air into the lungs during times of physical or emotional stress

A

Sympathetic nervous system

89
Q

Input from what nervous system causes beonchiole constrictions because demand on the lungs is less during times of rest

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

90
Q

Heart rate and contraction force are increased by what nervous system? It signals to increase delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the body and times of stress.

A

Sympathetic

91
Q

Signaling by what nervous system decreases heart rate during times of rest

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

92
Q

The control of bronchiole diameter, and a heart rate use input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. These are both prime examples of what control system.

A

Antagonistic

93
Q

What nervous system takes input to the adrenal medulla and increase the secretion of catecholamines such as epinephrine into the blood

A

Sympathetic nervous system

94
Q

What nervous system will increase fat breakdown to mobilize energy stores for increased cellular respiration

A

Sympathetic nervous system

95
Q

What nervous system to the kidney will increase rennin secretion which is very important for the retention of Na+ and elevation of blood pressure

A

Sympathetic nervous system

96
Q

Only one branch control autonomic nervous system on target tissue function. The amount signaling by one system determines what the defector organ actually does. What type of control system?

A

Tonic

97
Q

When pupils dilate to bring more light in the eyes what type of nervous system takes over

A

Sympathetic nervous system

98
Q

When the pupils receive input to construct back to their baseline diameter and receive less light into light. What nervous system takes hold

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

99
Q

What nervous system decreases digestive motility and secretion

A

Sympathetic nervous system

100
Q

What nervous system increase digestive motility and secretion

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

101
Q

What type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart.

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

102
Q

What type of muscle tissue is found on internal organs and tubes like the stomach, urinary bladder and blood vessels

A

Smooth muscle tissue

103
Q

What type of muscle is attached to bones and allows movement

A

Skeletal muscle

104
Q

When a muscle contract it describes bringing two bones closer to one another

A

Flexor

105
Q

When moving skeletal muscle this is the description of moving two bone away from one another

A

Extensor

106
Q

What attached a skeletal muscle to bone

A

Tendon

107
Q

What is the name for a bundle of muscle fibers

A

Fascicle

108
Q

What does connective tissue do for the muscle

A

There are two layers that surround and protect the entire muscle!

109
Q

What is the name for a single functional unit of a whole muscle

A

Skeletal muscle cell (fiber )

110
Q

What is the specific term for the muscle cell plasma membrane?

A

Sarcolemma

111
Q

What area on a skeletal muscle are tunnels that penetrate deep into the skeletal muscle cell. This allows action potentials to activate all scarmeres simultaneously

A

T-tubules

112
Q

Which organelle in a muscle cell provides a majority of the chemical energy needed for muscle contraction

A

Mitochondria

113
Q

What is a bundle of thick and thin filaments

A

Myofibril

114
Q

What intracellular organelle releases Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm when the muscle cells is activated by an action potential

A

Sarcoplamsic reticulum

115
Q

What type of muscle fibers are most resistant to fatigue, largely, because they have a lot of mitochondria, dense, capillaries, and get their ATP from oxidative and aerobic respiration

A

Slow twitch oxidative

116
Q

What type of muscle fibers make up White muscle, are quick to twitch, but are also easily fatigued

A

Fast twitch glycolic

117
Q

What muscle fibers make up red muscle and get that color due to large stores of protein, myoglobin, which stores access oxygen for long-term use

A

Slow twitch oxidative

118
Q

What type of muscle fibers can be thought of as a hybrid between those that develop maximum tension, the fastest, and those that develop maximum tension the slowest

A

Fast twitch oxidative, glycolic

119
Q

What type of muscle fibers has a least mitochondria and the lowest capillary density?

A

Fast twitch glycolic

120
Q

What type of muscle cells are largely fatigue resistant and I used for standing and walking

A

Fast twitch oxidative glycolic

121
Q

Suprathreshold

A

Supra:above, action potential will be started at the axon hillock

122
Q

Subthreshold

A

Sub: below, no action potential is generated at the axon hillock

123
Q

Define spatial summation

A

Multiple signals that converge to make a signal. Can be excitatory and / inhibitory signals

124
Q

Define temporal summation

A

When sub threshold potential happen when they are imitated close to tether to make a bigger potential or separate potentials

125
Q

Muscle contraction process map

A

• somatic motor neuron axon
( influx of
• calcium
( that causes an exocytosis of
• acetylcholine
( to the
• nicotonic receptor
( that is
• chemically gated channels
( in the
• motor end plate
( with a
• sodium influx & potassium efflux
( occur & depolarizes
• end plate potential
(That causes the
• action potential
( to move along the
• sarcolemma
( to the
• transverse tubules
( where the action potential triggers
• dibydropydridine voltage sensitive gated channels
( that are connected to
• ryanodine channels
( that release
• calcium
(From the
• sarcoplasmic reticulum
(To the
• terminal cisternae
( to go to the
• thin filament
( where ca2+ bind to
• tropinin
( and moves tropomyosin
• tropomyosin
( for the myosin to attach to
• actin
( thick filament aka myosin
• power generated
(To cause relaxation
• somatic motor neuron
( stop releasing
• ACH
( which causes
• ca
( to be removed from the toponin
• ATP
( causes the ca to return back to the
• sarcoplasmic reticulum

126
Q

Define propagation conduction

A

Slow Action potential along non-myelinated axons

Na influx and as the AP pass down K influxes

127
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Fast conduction. Action potential along myelinated axons

Myelinated sheath have little loss of electrical current because of insulation

128
Q

What is refractory period

A

It prevents backward conduction

129
Q

Steps of Action potentials :all or non signal generated by neurons

A
  1. Resting membrane potential
  2. Depolarize stimulus
  3. Membrane depolarizes to threshold voltage gated na+ & k+ channels begin to open
  4. Rapid Na+ influx to depolarizes cell
  5. Na+ channels and k+ channels are fully open
    6.K+ efflux
    7.K+ channels remain open and more k+ efflux hyperpolarize
  6. Voltage gated k+ channels close , less k+ leaks out of the cell
  7. Cell return to resting ion permeability and tlresting membrane potential
130
Q

What are the theee phases of the action potentials in a neurons. In order to

A

Depolarization phase
Repolarization phase
Hyper polarization phase

131
Q

Voltages gated sodium channels have two channels (explain)

A

Sodium influx is turned off because it has two channels .

They have an activation gate and inactivation gate.

During RMP Activation gate is closed and inactivation gate is open

When a neuron reaches Supra threshold = stimulated the activation gate is open

Small amount of Na+ influxes through the voltage gated Na channel and the neurons starts to depolarizes

After 0.5 seconds inactivation gate closes

After activation gate is open and inactivation gate closes both gates will return to their original positions after a few miliseconds

132
Q

Describe voltage gated K+ channels

A

They have one gate and are slow to open and closed.

They open during threshold

They don’t fully open until peak depolarization

Channels slowly close during re polarization phases and hyperpolarization phases

133
Q

What is the list of peptide neuroscience

A

Vasopressin , oxytocin , substance P and opioid peptides

134
Q

What is the list of purine neurosciences

A

Adenosine , AMP ATP

135
Q

What is the list of gas neurosciences

A

NO & CO

136
Q

What is substance P and opioid peptides like endorphins and enkephalins

A

Part of the pain perception and pain suppression pathway in the nervous system

137
Q

What is vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone )

A

Part of the water balance story we learn in unit 5

138
Q

What is oxytocin

A

It’s involved in child birth that stimulate terrine contractions & lactation in females alone with social bonding and sexual attraction in males and females

139
Q

What is NO & CO

A

The my stimulate vasodilation to bring more nutrients and increase waste pick up from hard working neurons

140
Q

Define relative refractory period

A

When only a larger than normal stimulus can stimulate a new action potential

141
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

Immune disorder that degenerates myelin causing bad communication and loss of strength to generate AP

142
Q

Pre-synaptic cell

A

Action potential arrived at the axon —> voltage ca channels open causing calcium influx to trigger exocytosis of neuroscience signal molecules

143
Q

Post synaptic cell

A

It is the target cell, that have receptor for neuroscience secreted onto it

144
Q

How does signal molecule stop

A

There are various mechanisms such as reputable or removed by glial cells
Or Inactivstion enzyme
Or diffusion from the site

145
Q

What drugs is used to treat mental illness

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

146
Q

What are the seven classes of neurocrines?

A

GLAAMP

GASES
LIPIDS
ACETYLCHOLINE
AMINO ACIDS
MONOAMINES
PEPTIDES

147
Q

Tell me about ACH

A

It’s both a neurotransmitter and meuromodulator in the CNS

excitatory neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

Used by parasympathetic branch of ANS to control body organs

It’s formed by acetyl CoA and choline

148
Q

What forms Acetylcholine

A

Acetyl CoA and choline

149
Q

Is acetylcholine always an excitatory neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle?

A

Yes

150
Q

What receptors bind to acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic receptors

151
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors that bind to acetylcholine

A

Nicotinic receptors and muscsrinic receptors

152
Q

Function, where and important line of nicotinic receptor

A

Located in skeletal muscle in PNS and CNS

AKA ionotropic channels

153
Q

Function , where and importance of Muscarinic receptors

A

They will either excitatory or inhibit depending on cellular cascade

AKA metabotropic

Are G-protein coupled receptors

Located in CNS and PNS

154
Q

What’s the life cycle of acetylcholine

A
155
Q

What is amines?

A

It’s a neruocrine derived from a single amino acid

It’s involved with sympathetic neurocrines

Involve catecholamines which houses : epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

156
Q

What is epinephrine

A

A neurohormone that’s secreted from adreneegic neurons called chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

157
Q

What do chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine

158
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

A neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that’s secreted by adrenergic neurons.

It also acts of a neurohormone when secreted from the adrenal medulla

159
Q

What are adrenergic receptor. What are the two sub categories?

A

They are the receptors that bind to epinephrine or norepinephrine. They are G-protein coupled receptors meaning they will either excite or inhibit intracellular cascade

There’s alpha and beta receptors

160
Q

What adrenergic receptor bind to norepinephrine only

A

Alpha 1,2 & beta 3

161
Q

What adrenergic receptor binds to epinephrine only

A

Beta 2

162
Q

What adrenergic receptors bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

Beta 1

163
Q

What do adenosine AMP and ATP function

A

Important neurocrines in sleep/wake cycles of attention

164
Q

What are the two branches of autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

They are part of the efferent pathway

165
Q

What are the body parts that use tonic control?

A

ALASKA
arterioles
Lymph nodes
Adipose
Sweat glands
Kidney
Adrenal medulla

166
Q

What’s the sub category autonomic reflex for integration centers

A

Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
Pons

167
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Control temperature, water balance and hunger

168
Q

What does the médula oblongata do?

A

Cardiovascular
Respiration
Vomiting
Swallowing

169
Q

What does the Pons do?

A

Secondary respiratory control

170
Q

What signal molecule does the sympathetic pathway use?

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine. That binds to adrenergric receptors

171
Q

What autonomic efferent pathway only uses acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic bind to muscarinic receptors

172
Q

What is autonomic ganglia

A

A junction between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

173
Q

What receptor allows acetylcholine to bind

A

Muscarinic

174
Q

Chromaffin cells create what signal molecule

A

Epinephrine

175
Q

Where do chromaffin cells come from

A

Adrenal medulla

176
Q

What the process map of sympathetic pathway from spinal cord to heart?

A

• preganglinc neuron send
• ACH to
• Autonomic ganglia
• ACH accepted by Nn receptor
• post ganglionic neuron sends Norepinephrine
• NE binds to adrenergic receptor

177
Q

What’s the process map for kidney?

A

• Ganglionic neuron sends ACH to
• Nn receptor
• chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla make epinephrine
• epinephrine is sent into the blood stream

178
Q

Give proceeds map for somatic motor neuron

A

Neuron sends ACH to attach to Nm skeletal muscles

179
Q

What are varicosity

A

Hold neurotransmitters to be realsed over the surface of target cells

180
Q

What inactivated ACH?

A

Acetylocholinesterase (AChE)

181
Q

What is the A band

A

Area where thick filament and thin filament overlap

182
Q

Which runs down the middle of the sarcomere?

A

M line

183
Q

What is Tutin?

A

Stabilizes the thick filament. It bind from the Z - disk through the thick filament that connect to the M line

184
Q

Which one only contains thin filaments in a relaxed muscle

A

I band

185
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

The section of a myofibril from Z dick to Z disk

186
Q

Which contains only thick filaments in a relaxed muscle?

A

H zone

187
Q

Which one is the length of the thick filament and also defines the area where thick and thin filament overlap?

A

A band

188
Q

What is nebulin

A

Arranges the thin filament in the sarcomere to be stabilized and parallel to the thick filament

189
Q

What is ATP hydrolysis in regards to myosin

A

When ATP breaks down into ADP + Pi & energy . In case of myosin it uses the energy to perform a power stroke

190
Q

What is G actin

A

The monomer of actin chain

191
Q

What is F actin

A

A polymer of the connection of G actin

192
Q

What is tropomyosin

A

A long strand of protein that physically covers active sites on the actin relaxed muscle. It’s attached to troponin

193
Q

What is the name of the proceeds when the myosin head told after attaching to actin

A
194
Q

Which proteins bind to active site on actin

A

Myosin

195
Q

Give a story of” the contraction “ of protein interaction

A

• myosin cross bridge bind to nearest actin
(Has just finished a power stroke
• ATP
( binds to myosin and loses affinity to
• actin
(Now
• myosin
(Will
• hydrolysis ATP
( cause the myosin head to be in a
• cocked position
( AKA
• recovery stroke
(Causing the myosin to bind
• weakly
(Next
• ca2+ signal (from sarcoplasmic reticulum)
(Will allow
• ADP disassociates

•

196
Q

Protein interaction : the contraction story

A
  1. Myosin bind ATP and detached from actin active site
  2. Myosin- ATPase activites : ATP —> ADP + Pi + energy
  3. That energy is used to cock the myosin head to store potential energy
    (If the actin site is still uncovered when ca is still present
  4. Myosin binds tightly to actin
  5. Inorganic phosphate is released from motion head
  6. Power stroke occurs
  7. ADP is released from myosin head
197
Q

What is a recovery stroke

A

The muscle relaxing

198
Q

How does a smooth muscle contract?

A
  1. A voltage or chemical gate allows Ca influx
  2. The influxed Ca stimulates the SR causing calcium induced calcium
  3. Calcium from SR binds to (CaM) calmodulin
  4. Ca-CaM activates the (MLCK) myosin light chain kinase
  5. MLCK phosphate in the myosin head taking ATP —> ADP + P
  6. Active myosin cross bridges slides along actin and create muscle tension
199
Q

How does a smooth muscle relax?

A
  1. Left over Ca is either pumped back into the SR (use ATP ) or out of the cell (while sodium influxes)
  2. Ca unbinds from calmodulin causing MLCK activity to decrease
  3. Myosin phosphate removes phosphate from MLCP that decreases myosin ATPase activity
  4. Smooth muscle relaxes due to less power stroking
200
Q

Define slow axonal transport

A

It’s passive that moves vesicles 0.2-2.5 mm/ day

201
Q

Define fast axonal transport

A

It’s active and uses ATP. Moved 400 mm/day

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions