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Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Unit 4 Lecutre > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lecutre Flashcards

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1
Q

What part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

A

Right atrium

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2
Q

What part of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange

A

Right ventricle

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3
Q

What part of the heart receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

Left atrium

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4
Q

What part of the heart sends the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?

A

Left ventricle

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5
Q

What part of the heart is the initial conduit for deoxygenated blood to pass to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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6
Q

What part of the heart is the initial conduit for all oxygenated blood to pass through before getting to the rest of the body?

A

Aorta

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7
Q

What is the one-way valve that connects the top chambers (atrium) to bottom chambers (ventricles)

A

Atrioventricular valve AKA mitral valve

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8
Q

What one way valves prevent back blood flow from adajecnt vessels when the bottom chambers relax

A

Semilunar valve

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9
Q

What are intercalated disks

A

They are complex junctions that hold the cardiac muscle together end to end and consist of interdigitated membranes

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10
Q

What are intercalated disks held by? They provide strength and transfer force to the adjacent cell

A

Desmosomes.

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11
Q

What part of the myocardial cells allows waves of depolarization of to pass rapidly between cells causing them to contract almost simultaneously

A

Gap junctions

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12
Q

What myocardial cells makes up ~99% of the heart, they are striated and have both thick and thin filaments organized into sarcomere? They modulate stroke volume

A

Contractile cells

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13
Q

What’s the specific myocardial cells make up ~1% of the heart, they are special for passing electrical signals around the heart

A

Conducting cells (autorythmic )

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14
Q

What do veins do?

A

Category of blood vessels that returns blood to the heart

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15
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Category of blood vessels that receives blood from the heart ventricles

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16
Q

What are arterioles ?

A

These Blood vessels are the primary site for vasoconstriction/ vasodilation because they contain large amounts of smooth muscle

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17
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Blood vessels where gas, nutrients & waste exchange occurs in the body tissues

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18
Q

What do venules do?

A

These blood vessels receive deoxygenated blood from capillaries

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19
Q

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system conducts deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart (right side of the heart

A

Pulmonary circuit

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20
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

A circuit in the cardiovascular system that sends oxygenated blood from the heart to the body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart (left side of the heart

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21
Q

What is stroke volume ?

A

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a single contraction

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22
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Total amount volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during a minute

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23
Q

What is frank-starling law?

A

A concept that the heart must pump all the blood that returns to it & the force of heart contraction is determined by the volume of blood returning to it

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24
Q

What is a cardiac cycle

A

A term to describe all the electrical and physical events that happen in the heart during 1 contraction - relaxation

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25
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of contraction - relaxation cycles during a minute

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26
Q

What is venous return

A

The volume of blood entering the heart from the venous circulation at any given moment

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27
Q

The defines the volume of blood left in a ventricle at the end of its contraction phase

A

End-systolic volume

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28
Q

This defines the maximum amount of blood that a ventricle can hold when it’s fully relaxed

A

End-diastolic volume

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29
Q

Define systole

A

The time when a heart chamber atria or ventricle are contracting and pumping blood

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30
Q

Define diastole

A

The time when a heart chamber (atria or ventricle) are relaxing and filling with blood

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31
Q

What channels are on the Sinoatrial node

A

If channels

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32
Q

What channels have a funny name? Because they allow both Na+ and K+ ions to pass through. However it’s more permeable to Na+ that causes net depolarization

A

Na+

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33
Q

What channels off the SA node are open in a dunce at stage 0

A

Voltage gated ca2+ channel

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34
Q

At the peak of depolarization of a conducting cell, the voltage gated ca+ channels

A
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35
Q

Define pacemaker potential

A

slow positive increase that occurs at the beginning of one action potential and end of the other .

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36
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

-90mv

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37
Q

What is the chordae tendineae

A

They helps support the tricuspid or bicuspid valve to close and not fold the other way

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38
Q

Deoxygenated blood has what? And comes from which circuit?

A

⬇️o2 pressure
⬆️co2 pressure

Returning from systemic circuit

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39
Q

Why is o2 needed for cardiovascular system?

A

It’s a nutrient for ATP

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40
Q

Why is co2 in the blood?

A

It’s a waste made from ATP production

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41
Q

What are the nutrients in blood?

A

O2, glucose, triglycerides , amino acids

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42
Q

What are the waste in the blood?

A

C02, nitrogenous waste

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43
Q

Besides the nutrients and waste in blood what else does it have?

A

Hormones, neurohormones, cytokines( signal molecule for immune cells ) , immunoglobulins (antibodies) , leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes

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44
Q

All vessels have what types of tissue?

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

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45
Q

What type of tissues are in an artery?

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

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46
Q

What type of tissue are composed of an arteriole?

A

Endothelium & smooth muscle

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47
Q

What tissue does a capillary have?

A

Endothelium

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48
Q

What type of tissue does a venule have?

A

Endothelium & fibrous tissue

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49
Q

What type of tissue does a vein have?

A

Endothelium, elastic tissue , smooth muscle or fibrous tissue

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50
Q

Does a vein or artery have more of each tissue type?

A

Artery

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51
Q

How long does blood cell live?

A

~ 3 months

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52
Q

What three places have a portal veins systems?

A

Digestive system , kidneys hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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53
Q

Is a pressure gradient important?

A

Yes, it’s needed to flow from one place to another

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54
Q

What is plasma

A

C02 & 02 is dissolved here. It’s the liquid matrix

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55
Q

What’s the steps a blood will go through?

A

Artery , arteiole, capillary , venues , vein

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56
Q

What are the two systems for venous return?

A

Muscle pump and respiratory pump

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57
Q

What is a muscle pump?

A

Skeletal muscle squeeze on a vein with 1 way valves to aid in venous return

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58
Q

What is the respiratory pump?

A

Pressure fluctuations/ differences in thoracic and abdominal cavities during ventilation aid in venous return

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59
Q

What three main factors that affect blood pressure

A

Total blood volume , total peripheral resistance , cardiac output

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60
Q

Define total blood volume

A

It’s mama he’s by the kidneys and the amount of urine they produce.

A direct relationship as blood volume increase so will the pressure inside the network and vice versa

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61
Q

Define TPR total peripheral resistance

A

The opposition to the flow of blood through vessels due to friction

The more narrow the vessel high the blood pressure

TPR is directly related to pressure in a blood vessel

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62
Q

What things affect total peripheral resistance

A

• Vessel diameter
Vasoconstriction= ⬆️ resistance
Vasodilation = ⬇️ resistance

Blood viscosity
⬆️ thickness causes ⬆️ resistance
⬆️ water/ plasma ⬇️ resistance

•Vessel length
The longer the vessel the greater the resistance

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63
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The total amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute

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64
Q

What two subfactors affect cardiac output?

A

Heart rate : # of heart beats per minute
Stroke volume : volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction

Cardiac output = SV x HR

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65
Q

What nervous system will change the function of SA node conducting cell?

A

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system)

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66
Q

what is endothelium

A

a thin layer that lines blood vessels and heart

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67
Q

How much blood does a human have?

A

~5L

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68
Q

What integrating center regulated blood volume?

A

Urinary system (kidney)

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69
Q

Does Total blood volume affect Blood pressure?

A

Yes. Increased Blood Volume causes increased Total blood volume

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70
Q

How does vasodilation affect total peripheral resistance

A

Increased Vasodilation , decreased Total peripheral resistance

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71
Q

How does vasodilation affect TPR

A

Vasodilation decreasesTPR

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72
Q

What are the subfactors that affect TPR?

A

Vessel diameter , blood viscosity , vessel length

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73
Q

Of the three subfactors affecting TPR which can change immediately with the correct stimulus

A

Vessel diameter

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74
Q

Of the three subfactors affecting TPR which can change within minutes to less than an hour

A

Blood viscosity

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75
Q

Of the three subfactors affecting TPR which can change within a few days or weeks to change

A

Vessel length

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76
Q

Of the blood vessels which have more smooth muscle?

A

Arterioles

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77
Q

if there is more water or plasmas does this increase resistance that increases TPR or not?

A

No. More water or plasma decreases thickness and decreases resistance

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78
Q

Define cardiac out put

A

Volume of blood pumped by the heart in a time frame. (Usually minute)

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79
Q

Define heart rate

A

of BPM (cardiac cycle )

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80
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction

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81
Q

How much blood is cycled in a minute

A

All of it ~5L per minute

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82
Q

What type of effector cells affect heart rate?

A

Conducting cells @ SA node

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83
Q

What type of effector cells affect stroke volume

A

Contracting cells

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84
Q

Does the heart need any innervation for the heart to beat?

A

Nope

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85
Q

What is so special about conducting cells?

A

• They can generate their own Action potential
• Have very few contractile protein

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86
Q

What is the signal Molecule & receptor for the sympathetic nervous system

A

Single molecule : Norepinephrine
Receptor : beta 1

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87
Q

What is threshold for autoarythmic cells?

A

-40 mv

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88
Q

Define pacemaker potential

A

It sets the pace of the actual action potential

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89
Q

What are funny channels? If

A

They allow more sodium influx than potassium efflux

They are only open 2/3 of the way during a pacemaker potential

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90
Q

What are the steps for action potential in autorythmic cells?

A

• During a pace maker potential
• Funny channels open until 2/3 of the way of a pacemaker potential
• in the last 1/3 of a pacemaker potential ca channels open until end of pacemaker potential.
• Another population of calcium channels open to depolarize the conducting cells and close at the tips of the hump
• Potassium channels are slow to open as they are closed.
• when calcium channels close potassium is fully open.
• potassium is slow to closed when the cell reaches a voltage of -60 mv

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91
Q

What is the signal molecule and receptor for the parasympathetic nervous system of the heart

A

Signal molecule : ACH
Receptor : Muscarnic receptor

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92
Q

What’s the feed back loop for heart rate of the parasympathetic

A

• parasympathetic neurons sends
• ACH
• to Muscarinic receptors of the autorythmic cells , causing
• increased potassium efflux and decreased ca influx
• Hyperpolarized cell and decreased rate of depolarization
• decreases heart rate

93
Q

What’s the feedback loop for sympathetic nervous system

A

• sympathetic neurons send
• NE
• to B1 receptors of autorythmic cells
• increased sodium and calcium influx
• causing increased rate of depolarization
• increased heart rate

94
Q

Feedback loop for sympathetic nervous system

A

• decreased blood pressure
• sensed by the baroreceptors of the carotid artery or aorta
• single sent along sensory neurons
• the medulla oblangata
• increased NE release from the sympathetic post ganglionic neurons
• on the conducting cells of the SA node of B1 receptors
• 1,causing increased ca , na channels & If permeability
2, increase heart rate
3, increased rate of depolarization
4, increased cardiac out out
• Response is increased blood pressure

95
Q

Feedback loop for parasympathetic nervous system

A
96
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do?

A

It is the lead pacemaker(control how fast action potential travels through intermodal pathway) that regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent pathways.

97
Q

What does the intermodal pathways?

A

Spread action potentials to all atrium contracting cells through gap junctions

98
Q

What does the Atrioventicular node do?

A

It slows dow action potential momentarily and the atria contract

99
Q

What does the bundle of his do?

A

Spread the action potential into the ventricles

100
Q

What do the right & left bundle branches do?

A

The action potential spreads down either side of the ventricular septum

101
Q

What do the Prukinjie fibers do?

A

The action spread to all ventricular contracting cells through gap junctions causing the ventricular to contract from the bottom up

102
Q

What is happening to the heart in terms of polarization during the P wave

A

Atria depolarizing

103
Q

What is happening to the heart in terms of polarization
During the P-Q segment

A

The atria are contracting / atrial systole

104
Q

What is happening to the heart in terms of polarization
during the QRS complex?

A

Ventricles depolarize & atria repolarizing

105
Q

What is happening to the heart in terms of polarization
during the S-T segment ?

A

Ventricles contract

106
Q

What is happening to the heart in terms of polarization
during the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarizing

107
Q

Does the heart have a shit Ton of mitochondria ?

A

Yes in order to avoid heart fatigue

108
Q

What do intercalated disk have?

A

Desmosomes and gap junctions

109
Q

What is the story of action potential in contractile cells

A

• voltage gated Na+ channels open quickly from -90mv
• Na + channels become inactive at the peak of depolarizing
• fast potassium channels start to start to open same time as sodium
• potassium channel is fully open when sodium channels are inactive at the peak
• allowing k efflux from the peak to the end of the plateau
• potassium channel close at the end of the plateau
• L-type of Ca+2 channels start to open same time as Na & K
• Ltype of Ca +2 channels open at the beginning of the plateau
• which allow for Ca2+ to influx
• L-type of Ca+2 channels close at the end of the plateau
• k+ efflux to depolarize the contractile cell to RMP

110
Q

What’s the story for excitation - contraction coupling

A

• action potential travels down the Transverse tubule
• l-type cat channel is stimulate
• ca influx to stimulate the raynodie channel
• calcium induced calcium release
• calcium signals the troponin to cause contraction
• two ways this diverges now
• calcium can either return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum using ATP active transport
• and
• calcium is sent to the sodium / calcium exchanger pump
• new sodium stimulate sodium potassium pump
• cause potassium to influx
•

111
Q

How long. Does the refractory period last?

A

The entire muscle twitch

112
Q

What creates the refractory period.

A

Na channels , cause cells to relax fully before contracting again

113
Q

What are the factors that cause a grade contraction for cardiac muscle cell

A

• how much ca enter a contractile cell from the interstitial space
• sarcomere length based from the length- tension relationship

114
Q

What’s the feedback loop for stroke volume of ventricular contractility

A

• decreased blood pressure
• baroteceptors in the walls of the aorta or carotid artery
• sensory neuron
• medulla oblongata
• increased release of NE from sympathetic Post-Ganglionic neurons
• contracting cells of left ventricle w/ B1 receptors
1) increased L-type channel permeability
2) increased force & speed of contraction
3) increased speed of relaxation
4) increased stroke volume
5) increased cardiac output
• increase blood pressure

115
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A disease-causing invader

116
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign particle such as molecule, cell that can trigger a immune response

117
Q

What are single celled organisms that survive and reproduce outside a host of conditions are ideal?

A

Bacteria

118
Q

What are not composed of cells, so they are not considered alive. Rather these organism la have a protein coat or capsid as well a additional protective envelope sometimes

A

Viruses

119
Q

What type of pathogens are not common in the United States. But they pose a serious health threat else where in the world?

A

Parasites

120
Q

Viruses are pathogens. Do they have a DNA or RNA as their genetic material?

A

Yes

121
Q

Bacteria are single celled microorganisms susceptible to what?

A

Antibiotics

122
Q

What microorganism causes damage to cells DNA and sometimes cause cancer?

A

Viruses

123
Q

What is a multicellular organism that invades a host cell and use its resources to reproduce

A

Parasites

124
Q

What is the smallest of the three pathogens discussed and cannot reproduce without invading a host cell

A

Viruses

125
Q

What microorganisms are not susceptible to antibiotics . But there drugs that can disrupt parts of the replication cycle

A

Viruses

126
Q

What microorganism do not package their DNA in a nucleus and typically surround their cell membrane with a protective cell wall?

A

Bacteria

127
Q

Define immunity?

A

The body ability to combat disease-causing microorganisms

128
Q

What is immunodeficiency disease

A

If the immune system is weakened or destroyed then you would not be able to fight off infections that you normally could handle

129
Q

Define innate immunity

A

A Kind of immunity that is present from birth and is characterized by a nonspecific response to invasion by any potential pathogen

130
Q

Define adaptive immunity

A

A kind of immunity that is directed at specific invaders and can vary in magnitude and type depending on a specific pathogen. This type of immunity requires experience with a specific pathogen and “remembers that prior exposure

131
Q

What is general name for sites in the lymph system where the immune cells form and mature?

A

Primary lymphoid tissues

132
Q

What is the general name for lymph structures where mature immune cells interact with pathogens and imitate a response

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

133
Q

What is the two lobes organ located above the heart. This gland produces T lymphocytes

A

Thymus gland

134
Q

Where is most of the blood going during rest?

A

Liver & digest tract, kidney

135
Q

Where does the blood go if a person uses their skeletal muscle for exercises

A

Lungs, heart skeletal muscle

136
Q

Which blood vessels contain smooth blood vessels

A

Artieris, arterioles and veins

137
Q

Which blood vessels has the most amount of smooth muscle cells?

A

Arterioles

138
Q

What signal molecule bind to what receptor on smooth muscle to constrict

A

Norepinephrine binds to alpha 1 receptors

139
Q

What signal molecule bind to what receptor on smooth muscle to dilate

A

Epinephrine bind to beta 2 receptors

140
Q

Where does epinephrine come from ?

A

Total peripheral resistance causes the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla to send epinephrine to beta 2 receptors cause arterioles dilation

141
Q

What are majority or minority of arteries

A

Majority artierioels are sent to rest & digest areas

Minority artieroles are sent to fight & flight areas

142
Q

What’s the feedback loop for total peripheral resistance dilate and constrict

A
143
Q

More calcium influx causes what on smooth muscle in artieroles

A

More calcium = increased constriction

144
Q

What are the potential feed back loops effectors?

A

Conducting cells , contracting cells and smooth muscle cells

145
Q

What are the chemicals for vasoconstriction

A

Serotonin , vasopressin , angiotensin ll

146
Q

What are the chemical signals for vasodilation

A

Bradykinin, o2, co2 , ⬆️ H+ , k ⬆️ + , histamine , natiuretic peptide

147
Q

What are capillaries sensitive to?

A

Pre-capillary sphincter muscle are sensitive to Pco2, po2 , glucose , temperature

148
Q

Define perfusion

A

Passage of blood 🩸

149
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

Birth of blood vessels

150
Q

What fibrous protein supports capillaries

A

Basal lámina

151
Q

What are the two types of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries , fenestrated capillaries

152
Q

What are continuous capillaries

A

They moderately leaky and have the basal lamina

153
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries

A

They’re super duper leaky , found ⬆️ digestive and urinalysis systems.

154
Q

Define filtration, what causes it , where does it occur?

A

Water moves out of capillaries , dictated by hydrostatic pressure , occurs at arterioles end of of capillary bed

155
Q

Define absorption, what causes it , where does it happen?

A

Water moves into capillaries , it’s dedicated by osmotic pressure , occurs at venous end of capillary bed

156
Q

What would happen to perfusion if pco2
⬆️?
⬇️?

A

⬆️ = high perfusion
⬇️ = low perfusion
Direct relationship

157
Q

What would happen to perfusion if po2
⬆️?
⬇️?

A

⬆️ = low perfusion
⬇️ = high perfusion
Indirect relationship

158
Q

What would happen to perfusion if glucose
⬆️?
⬇️?

A

⬆️ = low perfusion
⬇️ = high perfusion
Indirect relationship

159
Q

What would happen to perfusion if temperature
⬆️?
⬇️?

A

⬆️ = high perfusion
⬇️ = low perfusion
Direct relationship

160
Q

Define transcytosis for capillaries

A

Combination of endo and exocytosis in the same process to move them across the endothelium

161
Q

What are the types of transport across the endothelial cells?

A

Transcytosis or diffusion (of gases, ions , glucose, amino acids)

162
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure pushing water out of the capillaries

163
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

Pull water toward osmotically active solutes

164
Q

How does edema occur?

A

• Filtration rate is more than absorption
• inadequate drainage of lymph nodes

165
Q

Increased hydrostatic pressure causes what vessels?

A

⬆️ filtration

166
Q

If hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure what will happen ? Filtration or absorption

A

Filtration

167
Q

Is osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure what will occur? Filtration or absorption

A

Absorption

168
Q

If edema is happening what is greater than what ( filtration less than, more than absorption )

A

Filtration Greater than absorption

169
Q

If they’re is a abnormally high amount of plasma proteins what will increased? Filtration , absorption

A

Filtration

170
Q

If hypertension is occurs is their abnormal levels of absorption or filtration

A

Filtration?

171
Q

Beside the thymus gland what is another area immune cells form and mature?

A

Bone marrow

172
Q

What enscapulated lumph structure contains immune cells monitor blood for foreign invaders

A

Spleen

173
Q

What encapsulated lymph structures are part of the lymphatic circulation and contain immune cells that screen the lymph fluid for any foreign invaders

A

Lymph nodes

174
Q

What are diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

(cluster) Aggregation in immune cells that appear in smaller organs around the body , including tonsils ⬆️ the mouth and gut associated lymphoid tissues

175
Q

Define necrosis

A

Destroy cells

176
Q

What signal molecule are proteins that are relseased by immune cells that affect growth and activity of other immune cells

A

Cytokines

177
Q

What is the technical term for leukocytes

A

White blood cells

178
Q

What are granulocytes

A

Category of white blood cells that include basiphils, mast cells, neutrophils , eosinophils. They have dark bodies that are visible within each of these cells after staining

179
Q

What is degranulation?

A

Granulocytws relase enzymes and other molecules that are toxic to invaders from those dark bodies by exocytosis

180
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Category of White blood cells that engulf and ingest their targets

181
Q

What is antigen presenting cells?

A

A group of white blood cells that engulf pathogens , break them down and display fragments of those foreign proteins ⬆️ their cell membrane to alert the rest of the immune system

182
Q

What are cytotoxic cells?

A

3rd functional group of white blood cells will dorectly attack and kill foreign invaders by puncturing their membrane and secreting enzymes which destroys their DNA

183
Q

What white blood cells is most numerous but only lives for 1-2 days?

A

Neutrophils

184
Q

What is the specific white blood cell that is the rarest in the circulation? The release histamine when it detects foreign antigens. They are similar to mast cells which live inside your tissues

A

Basophils

185
Q

What type of white blood cells is cytotoxic and destroys invader, especially antibody coated parasites

A

Eosinophils

186
Q

What specific white blood cell is phagocytosis and moves through human tissue, looking for invaders? It is also an antigen-presenting cell

A

Macrophages

187
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Immune cells that present antigen presenting cells and are characterized by long, thin process that resembles neuronal dendrites. They are found ⬆️ the skin and various organs

188
Q

What are lymphocytes? Their job?

A

Group of white blood cells. They mediate the acquired immune response of the body. Someone can contain about a trillion of these cells at any given time

189
Q

What type of cells are part of the innate response to virus infected cells? The induce infected cells to commit suicide and a category of lymphocytes

A

Natural killer cells

190
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Technical term for cell suicide or programmed cell death

191
Q

What do immune cells secrete to specifically deal with virus infected cells. This signal molecule interferes with viral replication

A

Interferons

192
Q

What specialized proteins insert themselves into the cell membrane of pathogens and virus infected cells and form giant pores which caused those infected cells to die

A

Membrane attack complexes

193
Q

What specific pathogen secreted antibodies that bind to an invader and tag it for destruction by other immune cells

A

B lymphocytes

194
Q

When a B lymphocytes is actively secreting antibodies it’s called?

A

Plasma cell

195
Q

They’re are to types of T lymphocytes. Which one attack and destroy a virus infected cell

A

Eytoxic T cell

196
Q

What type of lymphocyte is activated by macrophages that present fragment of foreign invaders on their membrane? This type of cell acts as the alarm bell that activates B lymphocytes and other T cells that actually attack the invader

A

Helper T cells

197
Q

What is the major histocompatility complexes

A

They are a family of membrane protein complexes where foreign antigens can be displayed and activate other immune cells

198
Q

What is MHC class 1

A

Majority histocompatibility complexes , infected body cells use these to display foreign antigen fragments from pathogens that have infected them

199
Q

What is MHS class 2

A
200
Q

What is a protein capsid?

A
201
Q

What do viruses do since they cannot reproduce

A

They use a host to hijack protein synthesis and nucleic acid replication

202
Q

What are common dysfunctions of the immune system?

A

Incorrect responses :autoimmune disease
Overactive responses : common allergies
Lack of response : immunodeficiency diseases

203
Q

What are the two defenses in the body?

A
  1. Physical & chemical barriers
  2. Immune defenses , innate or acquired immune system
204
Q

Where are secondary lymphoid tissues stored to mature leukocytes?

A

Spleen , lymph nodes

205
Q

Where do leukocytes develop for primary lymphoid tissues

A

Red bone marrow , thymus gland

206
Q

Why do lymph nodes swell?

A

When they detect a pathogen the immune cells in the node activate proliferate and the node swells

207
Q

Where are macrophages kept within the spleen? What do they do?

A

Housed In the red pulp. They are innate immune response and older erythrocytes 3-4 months

208
Q

Where are the lymphocytes houses in the spleen

A

In the white pulp of the spleen

209
Q

What are natural killer cells.

A

They are part of the innate immune response

210
Q

What are B cells and T cells?

A

Part of the aquired immune system. To target pathogens in the blood that I’ve been exposed to before

211
Q

What are the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils , basophils

212
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

Make antibodies. Make pathogens to destroy them

213
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Ingest bacteria, foreign material, release cytokines (pyrogens)

214
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Alert during allergic reactions , ingest parasites , release pyrogens

215
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Release bradykinin, histamine and heparin, involved in inflamatory response

216
Q

What the difference between the T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes?

A

Tcells: attack inside of cell
B cells : attack outside the cell

217
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies to an individual from another source such as mother to fetus, injections of antibodies from another source

218
Q

Active immunity

A

Immune system is exposed to pathogen or foreign antigen first then forms a new group of memory B and T cells for an acquired immune response that lasts for several decades

219
Q

Define optimization

A

Bacteria is tagged with antibodies for phagocytes to find and ingest

220
Q

How do blood cells develop mean corpuscular volume?

A

Having low iron, being microcytic and abnormally small

221
Q

What are these called? When blood is removed from circulation the liver converts remnants of hemoglobin into this colored pigment

A

Bilirubin

222
Q

Define thrombus

A

Blocked blood flow in a undamaged blood vessel and deprive all its tissues vital nutrients

223
Q

What an anticoagulant

A

Chemical released by endothelial cells to prevent coagulation to happen

224
Q

What are albumins

A

They make up 60% of the total protein content. Most abundant

225
Q

What are fibrinogen

A

Proteins that dissolve in the liquid matrix blood and is essential for creating clots after an injury to the vascular system

226
Q

Define pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

When cellular elements in blood are descended from a single precursor cell type known

227
Q

What are colony stimulating factors

A

A specific signal molecule that stimulate hematopoietic stem cells to grow and turn into different blood cell or white e blood cells

228
Q

What does aspirin do to help blood?

A

It thins blood to discourage the platelets to plug and form

229
Q

What is hemophilia

A

Coagulation disorder that leads to excessive bleed

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

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