Chapter 4 Reactions, Enzymes And Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
What do I & J represent in this reaction
I + J -> P + Q
Reactants
What do P & Q represent in this reaction
I + J -> P + Q
Products
What type of energy is used to describe energy of motion
Kinetic
What is the term to describe stored energy
Potential energy
This energy is stored in chemical bonds of a molecule and available to work once the bond I broken
Free energy
what type of energy must be invested to start a reaction in a biological reaction
Activation energy
What kind of reaction breaks chemical bonds to make simpler molecules from complex ones and release the free energy for use elsewhere
Exergonic reaction
What type of reaction needs input of energy to form new chemical bonds that creates complex molecules from simpler ones and then stored free energy in those new chemical bonds
Endergonic
What molecule is the primary energy source for biological reaction
ATP
What is happening to a molecule when is gains a high energy electron and H+ ion during a chemical reaction
Reduced
What is happening to a molecule when it loses a high energy electron (& H+ ion) during a chemical reaction
Oxidized
What type of reaction is happening when a molecule gains a phosphate group during a chemical reaction
Phosphorylation
Whats it called when a enzyme transfer a phosphate group from one molecule to another
Kinase
What type of reaction describes when a water molecule is removed to build a larger molecule from smaller ones
Dehydration
What type of reaction is when one large substrate molecule is split up into several smaller molecules when water is added to the reaction
Hydrolysis
What enzyme describes removing high energy electrons and H+ ions from a reactant
Dehydrogenase
What enzyme adds a phosphate group from inorganic source to other molecules
Phosphorylase
What enzymes removed a phosphate group from molecule then releases into the solution
Phosphatase
This enzyme transfer an amino group from one molecule to another
transaminase
This enzyme joins 2 substrates while using ATP
Synthetase
What enzymes split protein into smaller ones or a single amino acid through the addition of water
Peptidase
This term refers to all chemical reaction that take place in an organism
Metabolism
This term refers to the energy utilizing reaction that results in synthesis uh large bio molecules from smaller monomers
Anabolism
This term describes to the release of energy through the breakdown of large bio molecules into smaller smaller monomers
Catabolism
What kind of reaction need oxygen and take place in the mitochondria
Aerobic reaction
What kind of reaction does not require oxygen and takes place in cytosol
Anaerobic
What aerobic metabolic reaction produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized by a cell
Electron transport system
This anaerobic reaction transform a glucose molecule into 2 puruvate molecules and produces 2 ATP & 2 NADH molecules
Glycolysis
What aerobic pathway produces 2 ATP molecules and 8 nucleotides based molecules that store high energy electrons
Citric Acid Cycle
What molecules stored high energy electrons & contains potential energy to produce 2.5 ATP molecules on average.
NADH
What molecules stored High energy electrons but only contains enough potential energy to produce 1.5 ATO molecules on average
FADH 2
What is NAD
What is FAD
What is cAMP
What DNA nucleic acids go together
Adenine to tyrosine
C to g
What RNA nucleic acid go together
Adenine to uracil
Guanine to Cytosine
What type of bonds bonds proteins?
Peptide bonds are covalent bonds
What type of bond is used for nucleotides
Phosphide
What type of bond is used for lipids?
Ester bonds
What type of bond is used for carbohydrates
Glycocidic bonds
Define a substrate
When an enzyme binds to a membrane transporter
What are the four functional groups of molecules
Hydroxyl, amine, phosphate and carboxyl
Describe a quaternary protein sctrurs
Define a Fibrous protein
Non soluble and forms various parts of the cytoskeleton
Define a Globular protein
Part of the tertiary protein structure that is soluble in water and has seven different categories
Describe a secondary structure of protein
Will include a alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Describe a tertiary structure of protein
Include globular proteins and fibrous proteins are three dimensional structure involving alpha helix and beta pleated sheets that involve bending and folding of the secondary structure
Describe a quaternary structure of protein
Formed of 2 or more teriatary structures and are functional
What describes an enzyme reaction that uses a phosphate group to either transfer, discard or add to a protein
Covalent modulation
Name the protein activation methods (4)
Proteolytic, cofactor, allosteric and covalent
Name the protein inhibition methods (4)
Covalent, proteolytic, allosteric, competitive
This type of arrangement of pholipids form a sheet
Bilayer
This type of arrangement look like droplets and are important for lipid digestion
Micelles
This arrangement of phospholipids has an aqueous center and spherical shaped
Liposomes
What are the two integral
Proteins?
Transmembrane and lipid anchor proteins
Define a peripheral protein
Only on one side of the membrane that are attached to integral protein and be separated without causing damage
Define a transmembrane protein
A protein that goes from one side to the other of a plasma membrane
Define a lipid anchor protein
They only present on one side and conjugated to lipid tails embedded in the membrane will cause damage if removed
What are microfilaments
They’re composed of actin and help in membrane movement with the cytoskeleton
What are intermediate fibers? Made of and do for the cell
Made of myosin, keratin and neurofilaments and involved with the cytoskeleton, contractions and provide cell strength
What are microtubules? Made of and do?
Made of turbulence and involved with the cytoskeleton movement of cilia on some epithelial cells, flagella on sperm chromosome movement and intracelular transport
What does the smooth ER do?
Makes lipids and fatty acids as well store calcium ions for
Muscles
What does the rough endoplamsic reticulum do?
Do protein modification in the inside and Made of ribosome and on
What are peroxisomes?
Vesicles that contains enzymes to break down fatty acids and foreign materials
What is a nucleolus?
Also called nucleoli that contains DNA that codes for rRNA
What are gap junctions?
These junction all chemical and electrical signals and connect cytoplasm of two adjacent cells
What are tight junctions?
These junctions create barrier that regulate movement of substances
What are desmosomes
Button like, anchoring junctions that help cells form strong tissues
ATP -CP system. Where does it operate?
In the cytosol in anaerobic conditions
ATP -CP system. What are the initial substrates and what’s produced?
Initial substrates : ADP & CP
Products : ATP & Cr
ATP -CP system. What is the rate limiting enzyme?
Rate limiting enzyme is creatine Kinase.
Lasts about 10-15 seconds
Glycolysis. What does it do it’s work?
It’s an anaerobic metabolic system that works in the cytosol
Glycolysis. What are the primary substrates and products?
Initial substrates : glucose & 2 ATP
products : 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate , 2 NADH
Glycolysis. What is the rate limiting enzyme? How long does it work?
Rate limiting enzyme : phosphofructokinase
Time to fatigue : 60-90 seconds
Citric Acid Cycle. Where does it do it’s work?
It is aerobic and work in the mitochondria
Citric Acid Cycle. What is the initial substrates and products?
Initial substrates : Acetyl CoA
Products 1 ATP , 1 FADH2 , 2 C02, 3 NADH
Citric acid cycle. What is the rate limiting enzyme? Time to fatigue?
Rate limiting enzyme : Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Time to fatigue : can continue for a few hours
