Chapter 2 Flashcards
What type molecule has carbon and seen in all living beings
Bio molecules
What molecule is hydrophobic, stored energy, communicate cell to cell and form integral components of the cell membrane
Lipids
What bio molecules that start reactions regulate gene expression, cell to cell communication. Also considered workers of the cell
Proteins
What bio molecules have cellular ID tag and are a abundant energy source used in the body
Carbohydrates
The simplest form of a bio molecule
Monomer
What molecule has multiple building block links up with a covalent bond and generally used to store energy?
Polymonomer
What type of polymer transfer information one generations to the next by creating new proteins from a single amino acid monomers
Nucleic acids
Monomers of carbohydrates
Monosaccarides
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose molecules that stores energy in animals, which humans can digest
Starch
Polysaccharide that’s stored in plants and edible for humans
What molecules is the monomer of all proteins
Amino acids
The molecules can be saturated, mono saturated, poly saturated and are the building blocks of all lipids
Fatty acids
What type of monomer is composed of a nitrogenous base, 5- carbon sugar and a phosphate
Nucleotides
When molecules from 2 diff categories are attached
Conjugated
What is a lipoprotein
A lipid attached to a protein
What is the primary polymer storage of lipids
Triglyceride
What is it called when proteins bind a signal molecule that initiate a cellular response?
Receptors
What category of peptides transmit info from one cell to another? Through hormone or neuropeptides
Signal molecules
This type of protein either increase or decrease protein synthesis, regulate cell processes for transcription of DNA. Also known as transcription factors
Regulatory proteins
Usually called antibodies, extra cellular immune proteins, protect the body from pathogens
Immunoglobulins
What speeds up chemical reaction and lowers the activation energy?
Enzymes
What proteins bind to insoluble and non polar molecules to make them water soluble in order transport through the body? Some bio molecules & gases are not soluble in water.
Binding proteins
Ligands
Molecules that bind to proteins @ special sites
Affinity
To describe the attraction between a ligand and its binding site
Saturation
Describes when all the binding sites are occupied cause the enzyme to no longer increase
Whats it called when the amount of protein increases within a cell
Up-regulation
Denatured
When a protein loses its binding site causing it to no longer be working. from temperature exposure, undesired pH.
Proteolytic
Description of a fragmented inactive protein that’s removed to create and active protein
Antagonists
Also called inhibitors since they bind to a protein and decrease it’s activity
What type of connection occurs on a protein from a non-ligand that physically blocks ligands from binding
Competitive inhibition
Allosteric activation
Description of a molecule binds to a protein away from a binding site and then activated that binding site
What extra cellular fluid surrounds body tissues and or body organs
Interstitial fluid
What extra cellular fluid is for blood cells
Plasma
What is the outer surface of a cell called? It’s made of lipids and embedded proteins
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
The fluid that contains all fluid and solid material inside a plasma membrane
Non- membranous organelles, insoluble materials inside of a cell and don’t have a membrane
Inclusions
The organelle in a cell that contains all genetic material that’s used to make proteins and control cell processes
Nucleus
Small, dense granules of RNA & protein that manufacture proteins in the directions of the cells DNA and mRNA
Ribosomes
This organelle is a interconnected network that has a smooth or rough appearance. It lumen protein modifications or lipid synthesis can occur
Endoplasmic reticulum
These organelle have their own genetic material and are the power house of the cell
Mitochondria
This organelle receives protein from Rough ER and sends vesicles of them around the cell or out side
Golgi apparatus
Small storage vesicles of powerful enzymes that remove cellular components that are no longer needed
Lysosomes
Whats the body normal temp in F and C
98.6 F & 37 C
Normal PH for the human body
7.35-7.45
Name the steps in order for a feed back loop( 8)
- Stimulus
- Sensor
- Aferente pathway
4.Integrating path way - Efferent pathway
- Effector
- Effector action
- Response
Common disaccharides
Sucrose , maltose, lactose
Common polysaccharides
Glycogen , cellulose , starch
GCS (Jesus)
What moves polar substrates across a cell membrane and has two types: channels or carrier proteins
Membrane transporters
Define a covalent modulation
When a phosphate would kinase or phosphatase
What do motor proteins do?
Proteins that move a organelle and other structures around the cell by “walking” along the cytosekelton in a fashion called kinesin
