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Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Unit 2 Lab > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lab Flashcards

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1
Q

What term is used to describe the sensor

A

Sensory receptors

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2
Q

What are the two major branches of the efferent neural pathways?

A

Autonomic neurons
Somatic neurons

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3
Q

Are uterine contractions during child birth positive or negative feedback loop?

A

Positive

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4
Q

Decrease in c02 below normal levels is a negative or positive feed back loop?

A

Negative

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5
Q

Increase in blood pressure above normal level is part of a negative or positive feed back loop?

A

Negative feed back loop

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6
Q

Define stimulus

A

The change in a physiological variable / measure in the body environment

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7
Q

Define sensor

A

The structure that detects a change in the physiological variable

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8
Q

Define afferent pathway

A

The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that detects the stimulus and the structure that can process information about it

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9
Q

Define integrating center

A

The structure that can process information about the physiological change

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10
Q

Define efferent pathway

A

The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that process information about the stimulus and the structure that can act to adjust the system / environment

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11
Q

Define effector

A

The structure that can act to adjust the system / environment based on the specific stimulus

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12
Q

Define effectors action

A

What the effector does

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13
Q

Define response

A

The outcome of the action taken by the effector

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14
Q

What is the sensor type of blood oxygen

A

Chemoreceptor

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15
Q

What is the sensor type for blood fluid H+

A

Chemoreceptor

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16
Q

What is the sensor type for light?

A

Photoreceptor

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17
Q

What Is the sensor type for body temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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18
Q

What is the sensor type for blood carbon dioxide

A

Chemoreceptor

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19
Q

What kind of sensor type is for pain

A

Nociceptors

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20
Q

Whats the sensor for blood fluid of osmorlarity

A

Osmoreceptor

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21
Q

Whats the sensor type for blood pressure

A

Baroreceptor

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22
Q

Whats the stimulus examples for chemoreceptors

A

Blood oxygen, body fluid H+, blood carbon dioxide,

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23
Q

Whats the stimulus for photoreceptors

A

Light

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24
Q

Whats the stimulus for thermoreceptors

A

Body temp.

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25
Q

Whats the stimulus for nociceptors

A

Pain

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26
Q

Whats the stimulus for osmorereceptors

A

Osmolarity of body fluid

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27
Q

Whats the stimulus for baroreceptors

A

Blood pressure

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28
Q

C02 , oxygen hydrogen ions and glucose share what sensor?

A

Chemoreceptors

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29
Q

What is the stimulus for baroreceptors

A

Blood sugar and blood pressure

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30
Q

Whats sensor for muscle stretch, sensory nerve, head position share?

A

Proprioceptors

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31
Q

Whats stimulus for hearing & equilibrium : hair cells?

A

Sound waves , Gravity & acceleration

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32
Q

Whats the stimulus for touch receptors

A

Vibration, pressure, texture, stretch & skin

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33
Q

Where’s the sensor location for c02 and o2 & hydrogen ions

A

Carotid chemoreceptors

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34
Q

Where’s the sensor location for glucose?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

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35
Q

Where’s the sensor location for blood sugar?

A

Carotid baroreceptors

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36
Q

Where’s the sensor location for muscle length

A

Muscle spindle

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37
Q

Where’s the sensor location for muscle tension

A

Golgi tendon organ

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38
Q

Where’s the sensor location for head position in space

A

Vestibular apparatus

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39
Q

What the integrating center for extracellular fluid osmolarity

A

Hypothalamus

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40
Q

Where’s the sensor location for sound waves

A

Cochlea

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41
Q

Where’s the sensor location for gravity and acceleration

A

Vestibular apparatus

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42
Q

Whats the integrating center for blood co2 & blood pH & ventilation

A

Medulla oblongata & pons

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43
Q

Whats the integrating center for osmolarity , temperature & thirst?

A

Hypothalamus

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44
Q

Whats the integrating center for blood pressure

A

Hypothalamus & medulla oblongata

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45
Q

Define pyrogens

A

Signal molecules that are cytokines that can increase the set point for temperature and can cause fever during infection

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46
Q

What type of blood vessels / arteriolas are located just below the skin surface and involved in maintaining body temperature in the cold and in the heat?

A

Cutaneous

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47
Q

Define sensory transduction

A

A process to convert one type of signal into another

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48
Q

Define hyperopia

A

Also farsighted, distant objects can be seen fine. The eyes cannot focus on Close objects
Fixed: convex lenses

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49
Q

Define myopia

A

Near sighted, can see close objects without a problem but the eye cannot focus on object far away.
Fix by concave lenses

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50
Q

Which special sense doesn’t pas sthroigh the thalamus?

A

Olfactory

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51
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Reduced transmission of sound waves through middle ear to oval window

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52
Q

What is rinnes test

A

evaluate the difference in conduction through the mastoid bone or proprioception of sound

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53
Q

What is webers test

A

to test for unilateral hearing ( equal or unedqual hearing ) by placing a vibrating tuning fork towards the midline of the head

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54
Q

What is dichromatic

A

When someone has two types of cones

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55
Q

What is the ishikara test?

A

A test used to assess color vision

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56
Q

Whats it called when someone has all three 3 functional cone types?

A

Trichromatic

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57
Q

What is bleaching

A

The temporary alters state of the pigment

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58
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Extensions of the sarcolema that run deep into the muscle cell

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59
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are inervares by which neurons

A

Somatic motor neurons

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60
Q

The electrical activity in cells by the movement of what ? Into or out of the cell?

A

Ions

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61
Q

Whats the average human body temp in c°

A

37c°

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62
Q

What are your conscious and unconscious senses?

A

Conscious senses: vision, hearing, touch, smell
Unconscious: blood, glucose, pH, pressure, body fluid

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63
Q

What sensory through what part of the brain

A

Thalamus except olfactory

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64
Q

What sensory notices odors?

A

Dendrites, they extend into the mucus layer that lines the upper nasal cavity

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65
Q

What’s the stimulus for salty

A

Na+

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66
Q

What’s the stimulus for sweets

A

Monosaccharides or some amino acids

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67
Q

What’s the stimulus for bitter?

A

Quinine (toxins) or molecules in unripe fruit

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68
Q

What’s the stimulus for umami? (savory)

A

Amino acids (glutamate) or nucleotides

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69
Q

What’s the route for taste?

A

Chemoreceptor —> thalamus —> primary gustatory cortex

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70
Q

What are hair cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors that use mechanically gated channels to detect stimuli for hearing, body rotation and acceleration

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71
Q

What are stereocilia? where they found

A

Extension from hair cells that are Fluid filed chambers of the inner ear (cochlea and semicircular canals)

72
Q

What the proceeds a hair cell works when turned off / on?

A

On: bend in on direction —> compress membrane —> open ion channels —> trigger AC to cerebral cortex and cerebellum

Off: bend in one direction —> stretch membrane —> close ion channels —> AC is not sent to cerebellum and cerebral cortex

73
Q

What’s the pattern of action potential for hearing

A

Sound enters ear —> to MIS —> oval window —> vibrate hair cells —> AC —> primary auditory cortex —> precieve sound

74
Q

What’s the story for movement.

A

Rotation —> senses by Cristal in semi circular canals —> AC —> vestibular apparatus —> somatosensory cortex & cerebellum

75
Q

What is a rhodopsin

A

Photo receptor that contain a pigment molecule that is physically altered when exposed to light.

76
Q

What’s the pattern of AC for photoreceptors

A

Light —> lens —> fovea / macula —> Go through the thalamus —> primary visual cortex

77
Q

What’s the snellen eye chart

A

A visual test of visual acuity on sharpness or accuracy of vision

78
Q

What does 20/40 , 20/20 , 20/10

A

20/40: standing at 20 feet, people can see at 40 feet

20/20 standing at 20 feet people can see at 20 feet

20/10 standing at 20 feet people can see at 10 feet

79
Q

Presbyopia

A

Agee related farsightedness. At age 40. Wear convex lenses to help

80
Q

Define astigmatism

A

Abnormal curve of the cornea

81
Q

The blind spot test

A

Optic disk is where no photoreceptor’s there

82
Q

I

A
83
Q

What do t-tubules do?

A

has deep tunnels penetrating the muscle that allow the transmission of action potential

84
Q

What is a sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

85
Q

What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

dedicate to storing calcium ion handling thats necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation

86
Q

What is a moyofibril

A

a bundle of muscle fibers

87
Q

What is a terminal cisternae

A

the end portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that help store calcium but actually release the calcium ion

88
Q

Another name for the thick filament

A

Myosin

89
Q

Another name for thin filaments

A

Actin

90
Q

Define a power stroke

A

Tilting of myosin heads while it attaches to actin

91
Q

What’s the proceeds of site of force development

A

• increased cytosolic ca2+
•

92
Q

Define motor unit summation

A

Consciously alter the number of muscle cell that are activated

93
Q

Define length tension relationship

A

Alter the length of sarcomeres within a muscle when the contraction starts. Decreased length at the beginning and most space towards the end

94
Q

Define load-velocity relationship

A

Alter the speed of shortening as the muscle contracts. The inverse relationship between velocity of shortening to load on the muscle

95
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase the size and number of myofibrils, increase in muscle size and size of whole muscle

96
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

1 somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates

97
Q

Do powerful muscle have a large motor unit?

A

Yes

98
Q

What happen when tropomyosin senses calcium

A

It moves out of the way allowing myosin to bind to actin binding site .

99
Q

How do you achieve long term lasting muscle change in a muscle capacity

A

Stress the muscle through weight / resistance training

Increased protein synthesis

100
Q

What type of motor units do dexterous muscle have?

A

Small motor units, meaning they have few muscle fibers activated by each somatic motor neuron

101
Q

How long does the Cellular ATP Store?

A

About 2 seconds

102
Q

How long does ATP -CP system last?

A

10-15 seconds , it uses creating phosphate

103
Q

How long does glycolysis last?

A

60-90 seconds , after that it accumulate lactic acid

104
Q

How long does the citric acid cycle /ETS last?

A

A few hours

105
Q

What two factors affect muscle fatigue

A

Intensity & cellular respiration pathway that skeletal muscle prioritize

106
Q

At that length is the muscle able to produce the most amount of force

A

Mid length

107
Q

At what length is there the least alignment between actin and myosin for muscle length and force?

A

Longest

108
Q

In terms of the length and force relationship What length of a thin filament crossing the middle preventing the binding of some myosin heads

A

Shortest

109
Q

In terms to length - tension relationship. What length is the overlap between thick and thin filaments and alignment of actin and myosin optimum for force development ?

A

Mid length

110
Q

What is the independent variable

A

The variable that is constant

111
Q

What is the dependent variable.

A

The variable the experimenter records

112
Q

In terms to the load velocity relationship. At the fastest velocity how much can the muscle lift?

A

Something light

113
Q

In terms to the load - velocity relationship. The relationship between force and the rate of the muscle shortening can be described as ?

A

Indirect/ inverse relationship

114
Q

What the process map of a muscle contracting?

A
115
Q

What is a electromyography

A

The recorded muscle eletrical activity.

116
Q

Give a process map of how a action potential stimulates a muscle

A

A SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON attaches to a MOTOR END PLATE on the SARCOLEMMA which cause ACH to cross the synaptic cleft and bind to NICOTINIC RECEPTORS that are CHEMICALLY GATED CHANNELS which cause a SODIUM INFLUX that make a ACTION POTENTIAL travel down the TRANSVERSE TUBULES to the TERMINAL CISTERNAE that holds CALCIUM that travels to a TROPONIN that move the TROPOMYOSIN to allow MYOSIN aka THICK FILAMENT to bind to ACTIN aka THIN FILAMENTS to perform a POWER-STROKE this is how FORCE GENERATED

117
Q

What is the process map for a light stimulate the eyes?

A

LIGHT ENTERS ROD which LIGHT is absorbed by RHODOPSIN causing RETINAL DISSOCIATION leading to TRANSDUCIN ACTIVATION causing DECREASED CYCLIC GMP making the CALCIUM-SODIUM CHANNELS CLOSE to STOP CA++ & Na+ INFLUX and POTASSIUM EFFLUX causing ROD HYPERPOLARIZATION and EXOCYTOSIS OF INHIBITORY SIGNAL CEASES and BIPOLAR CELLS ACTIVATED then GANGLION CELL ACTIVATED in which SIGNAL MOVES ALONG OPTIC NERVE then SIGNAL TO THALAMUS lastly SIGNAL TO VISUAL CORTEX

118
Q

What visceral (deep down/gut) reflexes use efferent neurons

A

Autonomic neurons

119
Q

Define interneurons

A

Type of neurons that are completely contained within the central nervous system

120
Q

What is it called when reflexes require input from the brain

A

Cranial reflex

121
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Skeletal muscles reflexes that use sensory receptors located in the muscle, the joint capsule and ligaments

122
Q

What reflexes typically involve sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

A

Autonomic reflex

123
Q

What are somatic motor neurons

A

The efferent pathway for reflexes involving skeletal muscle

124
Q

What are polysynaptic reflex

A

Reflexes that involve two or more synapses in the spinal cord

125
Q

What is a fascile

A

A bundle of muscle cells

126
Q

What is a muscle cell?

A

Contains multiple myofibrils that are wrapped around a sarcolemma

127
Q

What is a myofibril

A

The bundles of filaments that

128
Q

What are myofilamenta

A

The myosin and actin in a myofibril

129
Q

What is the terminal cisteranae

A

It hold the calcium to store and release during a action potential

130
Q

What is the axon pathway

A

• signal molecule
(Binds to receptor of
• receptor channel
(In the
• dendrites & cell body
( where a
• EPSP
(Travel through the
• axon hillock
( where it
• threshold
(Is reached a
• action potential
( will develop & travel down the
• axon
( that’s lined with a
• voltage gated channels
( of sodium and potassium down the
• axon terminal
( where
• calcium influx
( occurs & causes a
• exocytosis of neurotransmitters
( attach to
• receptors channels
( of the next neuron to create a
• excitatory post synaptic potential
( that can travel through the neural pathway to repeat

131
Q

Define somatic reflex’s

A

Include somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscles. They are protective reflexes

132
Q

Define autonomic reflexes

A

These involve involuntary organ function . Example include exercise need ATP and elevated C02 and decreased 02 in the blood causing heart to beat more to get increase in oxygen in the blood

133
Q

Define cranial reflexes

A

Where the integration center is either located in the brain or brain stem

134
Q

Define Spinal reflexes

A

Integration is located in a particular level of the spinal cord. Sensory information is sent to the brain but it doesn’t always send output from the brain

135
Q

How many neurons are in a somatic reflex loop

A

1

136
Q

Define monosynaptic

A

1 neuron to neuron synapses = monosynaptic reflex

137
Q

Is somatic reflex loop cranial or spinal reflex

A

Spinal reflex

138
Q

Define polysynaptic reflex

A

2 or more neuron to neuron synapses

139
Q

do interneurons inhibit or excite?

A

It inhibits

140
Q

What is a muscle spindle

A

It’s located in the center of a muscle and registers muscle LENGTH suddenly.

Innervated by alpha motor neurons

Add books cause the muscle spindle to activate to apply apporiate muscle contraction to keep same level

141
Q

What is a golgi tendon organ ?

A

Is located at the conjunction of a muscle and tendon that registers CONTRACTION / TENSION.

Innervated by gama motor neurons

If excessive load placed on muscle causes the sensor to relax to protect the muscle

142
Q

Define extrafusal fiber

A

Create tension , innervated by alpha motor neurons

143
Q

Define intrafusal muscle fibers

A

They are part of the muscle spindle sensor that turn off the muscle spindle when a muscle contracts and innervated by gamma motor neurons

144
Q

K

A
145
Q

Define reciprocal inhibition

A

It’s a protective effect of reflex loops. To prevent antognist from working against the agonist . Spinal reflex

146
Q

Define crossed extensor reflex

A

A reflex that triggers opposite side

Imagine stepping on something sharp with one foot and now you need to get off and put balance on the opposite leg

147
Q

What nerves are injured if abnormal response during patellar tendon tap

A

L2-L4

148
Q

What nerves are injured if bicep reflex finding is abnormal

A

C5 bit of C6

149
Q

What nerves are injured during a ankle jerk

A

S1-2

150
Q

What’s the normal reflex during a plantar reflex

A

Toes curl down in adults

Toes widen and extend if abnormal finding or in infants

151
Q

Which reflex’s are cranial? Spinal?

A

Cranial : plantar reflex
Spinal : bicep, patellar , Achilles

152
Q

What are conducting cells?

A

AKA autorythmic cells/ pacemaker cells

They propagate or conduct AP around the heart to contract and relax

153
Q

Define systole

A

Contractions of the chamber

154
Q

Define diastole

A

The relaxation of each chamber

155
Q

What are contracting cells?

A

They make up 99% of the myocardial cells

Their job is to produce force to decrease chamber volume , increase blood pressure and pump blood into artieris

156
Q

Are gap junction located in myocardial cells

A

Yes. They allow conducting from conducting cells to contractile cells

157
Q

What’s the electrical conduction in order?

A

Sino-atrial node
Intermodal pathway
Atrio-ventrical node
Bundle of His or AV bundle
Right& left bundle branches
Prukinjie fibers

158
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do?

A

A action potential originates here

159
Q

What does the intermodal
Pathway do?

A

Quickly spreads the AP to atria and internodal pathway

160
Q

What does the AV (artio-ventricle node ) do

A

Delays the AP that comes from AV —> internodal pathway

161
Q

What did the bundles of his or AV bundle do?

A

Sends AP enter the ventricles from the bundle of His

162
Q

Where does the signal go during the bundles branches?

A

The AP moves along either side of the septum from the bundle branches

163
Q

What are prukinjie fibers

A

They move the AP most rapidly up the walls of the ventricles (ventricular contraction )

164
Q

What determines the speed of action potential in different parts of the heart?

A

• # of gap junction determines how fast

165
Q

Where would you expect to see the most # of gap junctions?

A

Prukinjie fibers

166
Q

Where would you find the least amount of gap junction in the heart?

A

AV node

167
Q

Define electromyography

A

The technology that measure electrical activity

168
Q

What does the ECG assess in health

A

• signal pass along the pathway correctly
• abnormal timing of event s
• does the heart respond normally to exertion

169
Q

What is the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization / atrial systole

170
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Shows Ventricular depolarization

171
Q

What is the T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization / ventricular diástole

172
Q

Define tachycardia

A

Abnormal fast heart rate @ rest

173
Q

Define bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate

174
Q

What’s a normal hear rate for adults & endurance athletes

A

Adult :60-100 BPM
Endurance athletes : 40-60 BPM

175
Q

What is the PR interval

A

Atria are depolarized and contracting

176
Q

What is happening at the QT interval

A

Ventricles are depolarizing & contracting

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

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