Unit 2 Lab Flashcards
What term is used to describe the sensor
Sensory receptors
What are the two major branches of the efferent neural pathways?
Autonomic neurons
Somatic neurons
Are uterine contractions during child birth positive or negative feedback loop?
Positive
Decrease in c02 below normal levels is a negative or positive feed back loop?
Negative
Increase in blood pressure above normal level is part of a negative or positive feed back loop?
Negative feed back loop
Define stimulus
The change in a physiological variable / measure in the body environment
Define sensor
The structure that detects a change in the physiological variable
Define afferent pathway
The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that detects the stimulus and the structure that can process information about it
Define integrating center
The structure that can process information about the physiological change
Define efferent pathway
The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that process information about the stimulus and the structure that can act to adjust the system / environment
Define effector
The structure that can act to adjust the system / environment based on the specific stimulus
Define effectors action
What the effector does
Define response
The outcome of the action taken by the effector
What is the sensor type of blood oxygen
Chemoreceptor
What is the sensor type for blood fluid H+
Chemoreceptor
What is the sensor type for light?
Photoreceptor
What Is the sensor type for body temperature
Thermoreceptors
What is the sensor type for blood carbon dioxide
Chemoreceptor
What kind of sensor type is for pain
Nociceptors
Whats the sensor for blood fluid of osmorlarity
Osmoreceptor
Whats the sensor type for blood pressure
Baroreceptor
Whats the stimulus examples for chemoreceptors
Blood oxygen, body fluid H+, blood carbon dioxide,
Whats the stimulus for photoreceptors
Light
Whats the stimulus for thermoreceptors
Body temp.
Whats the stimulus for nociceptors
Pain
Whats the stimulus for osmorereceptors
Osmolarity of body fluid
Whats the stimulus for baroreceptors
Blood pressure
C02 , oxygen hydrogen ions and glucose share what sensor?
Chemoreceptors
What is the stimulus for baroreceptors
Blood sugar and blood pressure
Whats sensor for muscle stretch, sensory nerve, head position share?
Proprioceptors
Whats stimulus for hearing & equilibrium : hair cells?
Sound waves , Gravity & acceleration
Whats the stimulus for touch receptors
Vibration, pressure, texture, stretch & skin
Where’s the sensor location for c02 and o2 & hydrogen ions
Carotid chemoreceptors
Where’s the sensor location for glucose?
Pancreatic beta cells
Where’s the sensor location for blood sugar?
Carotid baroreceptors
Where’s the sensor location for muscle length
Muscle spindle
Where’s the sensor location for muscle tension
Golgi tendon organ
Where’s the sensor location for head position in space
Vestibular apparatus
What the integrating center for extracellular fluid osmolarity
Hypothalamus
Where’s the sensor location for sound waves
Cochlea
Where’s the sensor location for gravity and acceleration
Vestibular apparatus
Whats the integrating center for blood co2 & blood pH & ventilation
Medulla oblongata & pons
Whats the integrating center for osmolarity , temperature & thirst?
Hypothalamus
Whats the integrating center for blood pressure
Hypothalamus & medulla oblongata
Define pyrogens
Signal molecules that are cytokines that can increase the set point for temperature and can cause fever during infection
What type of blood vessels / arteriolas are located just below the skin surface and involved in maintaining body temperature in the cold and in the heat?
Cutaneous
Define sensory transduction
A process to convert one type of signal into another
Define hyperopia
Also farsighted, distant objects can be seen fine. The eyes cannot focus on Close objects
Fixed: convex lenses
Define myopia
Near sighted, can see close objects without a problem but the eye cannot focus on object far away.
Fix by concave lenses
Which special sense doesn’t pas sthroigh the thalamus?
Olfactory
What is conduction deafness?
Reduced transmission of sound waves through middle ear to oval window
What is rinnes test
evaluate the difference in conduction through the mastoid bone or proprioception of sound
What is webers test
to test for unilateral hearing ( equal or unedqual hearing ) by placing a vibrating tuning fork towards the midline of the head
What is dichromatic
When someone has two types of cones
What is the ishikara test?
A test used to assess color vision
Whats it called when someone has all three 3 functional cone types?
Trichromatic
What is bleaching
The temporary alters state of the pigment
What are transverse tubules?
Extensions of the sarcolema that run deep into the muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cells are inervares by which neurons
Somatic motor neurons
The electrical activity in cells by the movement of what ? Into or out of the cell?
Ions
Whats the average human body temp in c°
37c°
What are your conscious and unconscious senses?
Conscious senses: vision, hearing, touch, smell
Unconscious: blood, glucose, pH, pressure, body fluid
What sensory through what part of the brain
Thalamus except olfactory
What sensory notices odors?
Dendrites, they extend into the mucus layer that lines the upper nasal cavity
What’s the stimulus for salty
Na+
What’s the stimulus for sweets
Monosaccharides or some amino acids
What’s the stimulus for bitter?
Quinine (toxins) or molecules in unripe fruit
What’s the stimulus for umami? (savory)
Amino acids (glutamate) or nucleotides
What’s the route for taste?
Chemoreceptor —> thalamus —> primary gustatory cortex
What are hair cells?
Mechanoreceptors that use mechanically gated channels to detect stimuli for hearing, body rotation and acceleration
What are stereocilia? where they found
Extension from hair cells that are Fluid filed chambers of the inner ear (cochlea and semicircular canals)
What the proceeds a hair cell works when turned off / on?
On: bend in on direction —> compress membrane —> open ion channels —> trigger AC to cerebral cortex and cerebellum
Off: bend in one direction —> stretch membrane —> close ion channels —> AC is not sent to cerebellum and cerebral cortex
What’s the pattern of action potential for hearing
Sound enters ear —> to MIS —> oval window —> vibrate hair cells —> AC —> primary auditory cortex —> precieve sound
What’s the story for movement.
Rotation —> senses by Cristal in semi circular canals —> AC —> vestibular apparatus —> somatosensory cortex & cerebellum
What is a rhodopsin
Photo receptor that contain a pigment molecule that is physically altered when exposed to light.
What’s the pattern of AC for photoreceptors
Light —> lens —> fovea / macula —> Go through the thalamus —> primary visual cortex
What’s the snellen eye chart
A visual test of visual acuity on sharpness or accuracy of vision
What does 20/40 , 20/20 , 20/10
20/40: standing at 20 feet, people can see at 40 feet
20/20 standing at 20 feet people can see at 20 feet
20/10 standing at 20 feet people can see at 10 feet
Presbyopia
Agee related farsightedness. At age 40. Wear convex lenses to help
Define astigmatism
Abnormal curve of the cornea
The blind spot test
Optic disk is where no photoreceptor’s there
I
What do t-tubules do?
has deep tunnels penetrating the muscle that allow the transmission of action potential
What is a sarcolemma
the plasma membrane of the muscle cell
What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum
dedicate to storing calcium ion handling thats necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation
What is a moyofibril
a bundle of muscle fibers
What is a terminal cisternae
the end portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that help store calcium but actually release the calcium ion
Another name for the thick filament
Myosin
Another name for thin filaments
Actin
Define a power stroke
Tilting of myosin heads while it attaches to actin
What’s the proceeds of site of force development
• increased cytosolic ca2+
•
Define motor unit summation
Consciously alter the number of muscle cell that are activated
Define length tension relationship
Alter the length of sarcomeres within a muscle when the contraction starts. Decreased length at the beginning and most space towards the end
Define load-velocity relationship
Alter the speed of shortening as the muscle contracts. The inverse relationship between velocity of shortening to load on the muscle
Define hypertrophy
Increase the size and number of myofibrils, increase in muscle size and size of whole muscle
What is a motor unit?
1 somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates
Do powerful muscle have a large motor unit?
Yes
What happen when tropomyosin senses calcium
It moves out of the way allowing myosin to bind to actin binding site .
How do you achieve long term lasting muscle change in a muscle capacity
Stress the muscle through weight / resistance training
Increased protein synthesis
What type of motor units do dexterous muscle have?
Small motor units, meaning they have few muscle fibers activated by each somatic motor neuron
How long does the Cellular ATP Store?
About 2 seconds
How long does ATP -CP system last?
10-15 seconds , it uses creating phosphate
How long does glycolysis last?
60-90 seconds , after that it accumulate lactic acid
How long does the citric acid cycle /ETS last?
A few hours
What two factors affect muscle fatigue
Intensity & cellular respiration pathway that skeletal muscle prioritize
At that length is the muscle able to produce the most amount of force
Mid length
At what length is there the least alignment between actin and myosin for muscle length and force?
Longest
In terms of the length and force relationship What length of a thin filament crossing the middle preventing the binding of some myosin heads
Shortest
In terms to length - tension relationship. What length is the overlap between thick and thin filaments and alignment of actin and myosin optimum for force development ?
Mid length
What is the independent variable
The variable that is constant
What is the dependent variable.
The variable the experimenter records
In terms to the load velocity relationship. At the fastest velocity how much can the muscle lift?
Something light
In terms to the load - velocity relationship. The relationship between force and the rate of the muscle shortening can be described as ?
Indirect/ inverse relationship
What the process map of a muscle contracting?
What is a electromyography
The recorded muscle eletrical activity.
Give a process map of how a action potential stimulates a muscle
A SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON attaches to a MOTOR END PLATE on the SARCOLEMMA which cause ACH to cross the synaptic cleft and bind to NICOTINIC RECEPTORS that are CHEMICALLY GATED CHANNELS which cause a SODIUM INFLUX that make a ACTION POTENTIAL travel down the TRANSVERSE TUBULES to the TERMINAL CISTERNAE that holds CALCIUM that travels to a TROPONIN that move the TROPOMYOSIN to allow MYOSIN aka THICK FILAMENT to bind to ACTIN aka THIN FILAMENTS to perform a POWER-STROKE this is how FORCE GENERATED
What is the process map for a light stimulate the eyes?
LIGHT ENTERS ROD which LIGHT is absorbed by RHODOPSIN causing RETINAL DISSOCIATION leading to TRANSDUCIN ACTIVATION causing DECREASED CYCLIC GMP making the CALCIUM-SODIUM CHANNELS CLOSE to STOP CA++ & Na+ INFLUX and POTASSIUM EFFLUX causing ROD HYPERPOLARIZATION and EXOCYTOSIS OF INHIBITORY SIGNAL CEASES and BIPOLAR CELLS ACTIVATED then GANGLION CELL ACTIVATED in which SIGNAL MOVES ALONG OPTIC NERVE then SIGNAL TO THALAMUS lastly SIGNAL TO VISUAL CORTEX
What visceral (deep down/gut) reflexes use efferent neurons
Autonomic neurons
Define interneurons
Type of neurons that are completely contained within the central nervous system
What is it called when reflexes require input from the brain
Cranial reflex
What are proprioceptors?
Skeletal muscles reflexes that use sensory receptors located in the muscle, the joint capsule and ligaments
What reflexes typically involve sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
Autonomic reflex
What are somatic motor neurons
The efferent pathway for reflexes involving skeletal muscle
What are polysynaptic reflex
Reflexes that involve two or more synapses in the spinal cord
What is a fascile
A bundle of muscle cells
What is a muscle cell?
Contains multiple myofibrils that are wrapped around a sarcolemma
What is a myofibril
The bundles of filaments that
What are myofilamenta
The myosin and actin in a myofibril
What is the terminal cisteranae
It hold the calcium to store and release during a action potential
What is the axon pathway
• signal molecule
(Binds to receptor of
• receptor channel
(In the
• dendrites & cell body
( where a
• EPSP
(Travel through the
• axon hillock
( where it
• threshold
(Is reached a
• action potential
( will develop & travel down the
• axon
( that’s lined with a
• voltage gated channels
( of sodium and potassium down the
• axon terminal
( where
• calcium influx
( occurs & causes a
• exocytosis of neurotransmitters
( attach to
• receptors channels
( of the next neuron to create a
• excitatory post synaptic potential
( that can travel through the neural pathway to repeat
Define somatic reflex’s
Include somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscles. They are protective reflexes
Define autonomic reflexes
These involve involuntary organ function . Example include exercise need ATP and elevated C02 and decreased 02 in the blood causing heart to beat more to get increase in oxygen in the blood
Define cranial reflexes
Where the integration center is either located in the brain or brain stem
Define Spinal reflexes
Integration is located in a particular level of the spinal cord. Sensory information is sent to the brain but it doesn’t always send output from the brain
How many neurons are in a somatic reflex loop
1
Define monosynaptic
1 neuron to neuron synapses = monosynaptic reflex
Is somatic reflex loop cranial or spinal reflex
Spinal reflex
Define polysynaptic reflex
2 or more neuron to neuron synapses
do interneurons inhibit or excite?
It inhibits
What is a muscle spindle
It’s located in the center of a muscle and registers muscle LENGTH suddenly.
Innervated by alpha motor neurons
Add books cause the muscle spindle to activate to apply apporiate muscle contraction to keep same level
What is a golgi tendon organ ?
Is located at the conjunction of a muscle and tendon that registers CONTRACTION / TENSION.
Innervated by gama motor neurons
If excessive load placed on muscle causes the sensor to relax to protect the muscle
Define extrafusal fiber
Create tension , innervated by alpha motor neurons
Define intrafusal muscle fibers
They are part of the muscle spindle sensor that turn off the muscle spindle when a muscle contracts and innervated by gamma motor neurons
K
Define reciprocal inhibition
It’s a protective effect of reflex loops. To prevent antognist from working against the agonist . Spinal reflex
Define crossed extensor reflex
A reflex that triggers opposite side
Imagine stepping on something sharp with one foot and now you need to get off and put balance on the opposite leg
What nerves are injured if abnormal response during patellar tendon tap
L2-L4
What nerves are injured if bicep reflex finding is abnormal
C5 bit of C6
What nerves are injured during a ankle jerk
S1-2
What’s the normal reflex during a plantar reflex
Toes curl down in adults
Toes widen and extend if abnormal finding or in infants
Which reflex’s are cranial? Spinal?
Cranial : plantar reflex
Spinal : bicep, patellar , Achilles
What are conducting cells?
AKA autorythmic cells/ pacemaker cells
They propagate or conduct AP around the heart to contract and relax
Define systole
Contractions of the chamber
Define diastole
The relaxation of each chamber
What are contracting cells?
They make up 99% of the myocardial cells
Their job is to produce force to decrease chamber volume , increase blood pressure and pump blood into artieris
Are gap junction located in myocardial cells
Yes. They allow conducting from conducting cells to contractile cells
What’s the electrical conduction in order?
Sino-atrial node
Intermodal pathway
Atrio-ventrical node
Bundle of His or AV bundle
Right& left bundle branches
Prukinjie fibers
What does the sinoatrial node do?
A action potential originates here
What does the intermodal
Pathway do?
Quickly spreads the AP to atria and internodal pathway
What does the AV (artio-ventricle node ) do
Delays the AP that comes from AV —> internodal pathway
What did the bundles of his or AV bundle do?
Sends AP enter the ventricles from the bundle of His
Where does the signal go during the bundles branches?
The AP moves along either side of the septum from the bundle branches
What are prukinjie fibers
They move the AP most rapidly up the walls of the ventricles (ventricular contraction )
What determines the speed of action potential in different parts of the heart?
• # of gap junction determines how fast
Where would you expect to see the most # of gap junctions?
Prukinjie fibers
Where would you find the least amount of gap junction in the heart?
AV node
Define electromyography
The technology that measure electrical activity
What does the ECG assess in health
• signal pass along the pathway correctly
• abnormal timing of event s
• does the heart respond normally to exertion
What is the P wave?
Atrial depolarization / atrial systole
What is the QRS complex?
Shows Ventricular depolarization
What is the T wave
Ventricular repolarization / ventricular diástole
Define tachycardia
Abnormal fast heart rate @ rest
Define bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate
What’s a normal hear rate for adults & endurance athletes
Adult :60-100 BPM
Endurance athletes : 40-60 BPM
What is the PR interval
Atria are depolarized and contracting
What is happening at the QT interval
Ventricles are depolarizing & contracting
