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Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Unit 4 Lab > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Chemical process that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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2
Q

Define incidence

A

The frequency of a disease in a specified population over a period of time

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3
Q

Define absorption

A

transfer of substance from the GI tract to extracellular space

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4
Q

Define digestion

A

The process of mechanically and enzymatically breaking down food into substances for absorption into the blood stream

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5
Q

Define metabolism

A

chemical reactions throughout the body

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6
Q

Define hyperglycemia

A

Excess glucose in blood stream often associated with diabetes mellitus

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7
Q

Define anabolism

A

metabolic pathway in which energy is needed in order to synthesis small molecules into bigger ones

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8
Q

Define diabetes mellitus

A

Disease where insulin production is impaired resulting in abnormal high blood glucose levels

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9
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Lack of glucose in blood stream

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10
Q

What type of signal molecule is secreted from the endocrine cell in the blood?

A

Hormone

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11
Q

What to target cells have that will receive the signal molecule to bind

A

Receptors

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12
Q

What chemical class is epinephrine

A

Amino acid

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13
Q

Growth hormone is produced where

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

What is the process to breakdown stored carbohydrates into it monomer form

A

Glycogenolysis

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15
Q

What is the process name of breaking down stored fat into its monomer

A

Lipolysis

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16
Q

What energy pathway does (glucose) enter?

A

Glycolysis

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17
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate (2 of them)

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18
Q

What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions

A

Enter the mitochondria & converted to triglycerides

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19
Q

What is the process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl CoA

A

Beta oxidation

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20
Q

What are normal values for glucose test

A

Glucose should never exceed 200 mg/dL

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21
Q

What are the blood glucose levels for hyperglycemia individuals

A

100-125 mg/dL

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22
Q

What test is used to identify glucose levels

A

Hemoglobin A1C test

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23
Q

Define glycated , why is it bad

A

When glucose attachments to proteins that changes their structure and function negatively. This may cause a autoimmune reaction

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24
Q

What are blood glucose levels for hypoglycemia?

A

Below 70mg /dL

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25
Q

What are the 3 basic types of chemical classes of hormones?

A

Amino acids, peptides and steroids

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26
Q

Which of the 3 basic types of chemical class of hormone are polar?

A

Peptide

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27
Q

Which of the three basic chemical class add non-polar?

A

Steroids

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28
Q

Where must peptide hormone receptors be located for target cells?

A

On plasma cell membrane of cells

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29
Q

Where must steroid hormone receptors be located for target cells?

A

Inside the cell

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30
Q

Feed back loop for ⬆️ glucose level

A

• ⬆️ blood glucose
• pancreatic B-cells
• pancreatic B-cells
• ⬆️ insulin released into blood
• hepatocytes w/ insulin receptors
1. ⬇️ glucose concentrations inside hepatocytes
2. ⬆️ glucose transport into hepatocytes via glut 2 transporters
3. Glucose is converted into glycogen for storage
4. ⬆️ glycogenesis
• ⬇️ blood glucose levels

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31
Q

Feed back loop for ⬇️ glucose levels

A

• ⬇️ blood glucose level
• pancreatic Alpha cells
• pancreatic alpha cells
• ⬆️ release of glucagon into blood
• hepatocytes into blood w/glucagon receptors
1. ⬆️ glycogenolysis
2. ⬆️ glucose concentrations inside hepatocytes
3. ⬆️ released glucose to blood through GLUT2 transporter
• ⬆️ blood glucose

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32
Q

How much of the population make up type 2 diabetes? Type 1?

A

Type 1: 10%
Type 2: 90%

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33
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated

A

Through exercise (associated with better glut -4 transporter) and dietary changes (eat food with low glycemic index)

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34
Q

What are the transporter responsible for glucose from blood to the liver cells?

A

GLUT - 2 transporter

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35
Q

What are the transport responsible for transporting glucose from blood to the muscle and fat vells?

A

GLUT - 4 transporters

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36
Q

Fatty acids must be converted into acetyl CoA which pathway does this molecule enter?

A

Kreb cycleor citric acid cycle

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37
Q

What are the monomer forms for proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids

A

Carbs: monosaccharides
Lipids : fatty acids
Protein: amino acids
Nucleic acids : nucleotides

38
Q

What bio molecules have storage molecules? What are they?

A

Carbs and lipids.
Carbs : glycogen
Lipids : triglycerides

39
Q

What type of hormone or chemical class is produced in the pancreas?

A

Peptide

40
Q

What are the names of the hormones produced by the pancreas

A

Insulin , glucagon , somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

41
Q

What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin & vasopressin

42
Q

What chemical class do oxytocin and vasopressin belong?

A

Peptides

43
Q

What chemical class does aldosterone fall into

A

Steroid

44
Q

What hormone is produced by the skin

A

vitamin D-3

45
Q

Which type of chemical class hormone is vitamins D-3

A

Steroid

46
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

A

Nephron

47
Q

What if the fluid that leaves blood and moves through the nephron

A

Filtrate

48
Q

What does the kidney affect that are the major affect it’s for blood pressure

A

Total blood volume

49
Q

What is the process where fluid is suspended substances moving out of the glomerular capillaries and into the tubule

A

Filtration

50
Q

What is the process of substances being taken out of the nephron tubule and returned to the blood

A

Reabsorption

51
Q

Urine is removed from what major component of blood?

A

Plasma

52
Q

What are the sensors detecting when the body is dehydrated or overhydrated

A

Osmorereceptors

53
Q

The elimination of material from the body is called ?

A

Excretion

54
Q

What is the technical term for urinating is called?

A

Micturition

55
Q

What stimuli affect the nephron?

A

Total blood volume
Blood osmolarity
Blood pH

56
Q

Epinephrine is what type of chemical class hormone

A

Amino acid

57
Q

Growth hormone is produced here

A

Anterior Pituitary gland

58
Q

Hormones produced by the adrenal gland are of what chemical class

A

Steroid

59
Q

Insulin is this type of chemical class hormone

A

Peptide

60
Q

If a urine sample tested positive for protein pH: 8 and tested positive for waxh casts and erythrocytes what condition might exist?

A

UTI

61
Q

What substances should be reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

Amino acids, glucose, ions , bicarbonate
Small proteins
Gases

62
Q

what substances should not be in urine ?

A

RBC , WBC , platelets & large proteins

63
Q

what stimuli do the kidneys help fix?

A

blood pressure, blood pH , blood osmolarity

64
Q

what is being asborbed at the descending limp of the loo?

A

water

65
Q

what is being reabsorbed at the ascending limp of the loop?

A

ions all but ca

66
Q

what componenets get filtered out of the blood into the nephron?

A

small proteins, glucose, amino acids, lipids, nitrogenous waste

67
Q

what substances do not get filtered into the nephron?

A

large plasma proteins, formed cellular elements

68
Q

what are proteins in their monomer form?

A

amino acids

69
Q

what are carbs in their monomer form ?

A

monosaccharides

70
Q

what are lipids in their monomer form ?

A

fatty acids

71
Q

what are nucleic acids in their monomer form?

A

nucelotides

72
Q

what is the storage form of carbs?

A

glycogen

73
Q

what is the storage form of lipids ?

A

triglycerides

74
Q

define glyocgenesis

A

formation of glycogen into their polymer form

75
Q

define lipolysis

A

break down of lipids into their monomer form

76
Q

what substance goes into glycolysis energy pathway?

A

monosaccharide

77
Q

what is the final product from the glycolysis energy pathway?

A

2 pryuvate

78
Q

what happens to 2 pryuvate under aerobic coniditions?

A

it enter the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle

79
Q

what happens to 2 pryuvate under anaerobic conditions?

A

it turns into lactic acid

80
Q

define beta - oxidation ?

A

process of breaking down the fatty acid into acetyl coA

81
Q

what is the chemical class of the hormone produced in pancreas ?

A

peptide

82
Q

what are the four hormones prpduced by the pancreas?

A

insulin , glucagon , somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide

83
Q

what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

84
Q

what hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

growth hormone

85
Q

what kind of GLUT transporter does the liver use?

A

GLUT -2

86
Q

what kind of GLUT transporter does the muscle cell use?

A

GLUT - 4

87
Q

what kind of GLUT transporter does the adipocytes use ?

A

GLUT -4

88
Q

feed back loop for decreased blood glucose

A

f

89
Q

feedback loop for increased blood glucose

A
90
Q
A
91
Q

What is protein in the urine called?

A

Proteinuria

92
Q

What is glucose in the urine called

A

Glycosuria

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

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