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Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Unit 3 Lab > Flashcards

Unit 3 Lab Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cardiac cycle

A

The performance of the heart from beginning to end of a heart beat

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2
Q

Define heart rate

A

A minute of how many times your heart beats

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3
Q

Define systole

A

The contraction phase of the heart

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4
Q

Define diastole

A

Ventricle filling, relaxed

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5
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Amount of blood from the left ventricle

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6
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given time

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7
Q

Define systemic circulation

A

Oxygenated blood circulate the body

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8
Q

Define pulmonary circulation

A

Gathering deoxygenated blood to be sent to the lungs to become oxygenated

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9
Q

Define peripheral resistance

A

Resistance from blood vessels

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10
Q

What are the five kororoff phases

A
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11
Q

What are the target cells for altering heart rate? (Location and type of myocardial cells )

A

SA Node
Conducting cells

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12
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released at the target cell of the sympathetic system

A

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

Which specific receptors are found in the heart by Norepinephrine ?

A

Beta 1

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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released at a target cell of the parasympathetic branch

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Which specific receptors are found in the heart for this neurotransmitter?

A

Muscarinic

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16
Q

What are the target cells for altering stroke volume (location and type of myocardial cells

A

Left ventricle
Contracting cell

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17
Q

What type of adrenergic receptor is is found on arterioles that stimulate smooth muscle contraction and vessel contraction

A

Alpha 1

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18
Q

Which signal molecules bind to alpha 1 andrenergic receptor

A

Norepinephrine

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19
Q

What signal molecule bind to alpha 1

A

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

What type of signal molecule is norepinephrine

A

Monoamine

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21
Q

What type of adrenergic receptor is found on arterioles that stimulate smooth muscle relaxation and dilation

A

Beta 2

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22
Q

Which signal molecules bind to beta 2

A

Epinephrine

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23
Q

What type of signal molecules is epinephrine? Where does it come from

A

Monoamine Neurohormone from adrenal medulla

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24
Q

What is the primary integrating center for regulation of the cardiovascular system

A

Medulla oblongata

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25
Q

What are they called? Proteins or glycoprotein on the surface of a cell which can innitate an immune response

A

Antigen

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26
Q

What is the technical term for antibody?

A

Immunoglobulin

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27
Q

What is a allele

A

On of two or more possible forms of a gene coding for a specific characteristic

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28
Q

What is agglutination ?

A

If the wrong blood is transfused into a person the blood cells will clump

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29
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

The first pulse sound that defines the systolic BP

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30
Q

Define laminar flow

A

When blood is basically flowing without disturbance and determines the diastolic pressure

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31
Q

What unit is blood pressure measured?

A

Millimeters of mercury

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32
Q

What units is heart rate measured in?

A

Beats Per Minute

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33
Q

What is the name of the cardiac cycle during contraction

A

Systole

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34
Q

What’s the name of the cardiac cycle when it’s relaxed, and refilling

A

Diastole

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35
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of cardiac cycles per minute

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36
Q

Define hypertension

A

Excessively high blood pressure

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37
Q

What is a stethoscope

A

A tool used to listen into blood pressure for specific sounds of the heart

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38
Q

What does systolic mean

A

The high pressure measured during blood pressure monitoring

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39
Q

What is a sphygomomanometer

A

Instrument used to create pressure of bloood in the blood vessels

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40
Q

What is a korotkoff sound

A

The name of sounds heard while measuring blood pressure

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41
Q

Define agglutination

A

Blood cells clump if wrong blood type is administered to a person

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42
Q

To test negative or positive for something means that the specific trait or condition is absent

A

Negative

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43
Q

To test positive or negative for something means that a specific character trait or condition is present

A

Positive

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44
Q

What is the technical term for antibody

A

Immunoglobulin

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45
Q

Define antigen

A

Proteins or glycoproteins on the surface of a cell that stimulate a immune response

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46
Q

Define antigen

A

Proteins coded by your DNA , on cells as an ID tag

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47
Q

Define Antibody

A

“YShape proteins involved ⬆️ an immune response , produced by B lymphocytes

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48
Q

Define agglutination

A

Clumping of cells when antibodies attach to them

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49
Q

Define allele

A

One of two or more versions of a gene. Genes can be dominant or recessive

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50
Q

Define genotype

A

A description of the alleles inherited from parents

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51
Q

Define albumins

A

simple form of protein that is soluble in water contribute to plasma colloid osmotic pressure ( keeping fluid in a vascular space )

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52
Q

Define phenotype

A

Physical characteristics that results from a particular genotype

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53
Q

Define globulins

A

Clotting factors, enzymes , antibodies , carries for various substances

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54
Q

Define a lymphocyte

A

They produce specific immune responses directed against invaders

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55
Q

Define a monocyte

A

They are phagocytes that develop into macrophages and migrate into tissue

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56
Q

Define neutrophils

A
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57
Q

What antigen does type A blood have?
B ?
AB ?
O?

A

Blood A has A antigen
Blood B has B antigen
Blood AB has A+ B antigens
Type O has neither A or B antigens

58
Q

Which blood types of dominant? Recessive?

A

A= B : dominat
O: recessive

59
Q

In which component of blood are antibodies located in? Plasma or formed elements?

A

Plasma

60
Q

What antigens does type A have?
B?
AB?
O?

A

A has B antigens

61
Q

Define rhesus

A

Another important factor on erythrocytes that can elicit an immune response

62
Q

Which Rhesus factor is dominant?

A

+ is dominant
- is recessive

63
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor?

A

O type , it would not introduce set off any immune response

64
Q

Which blood type is universal recipient

A

AB type, it has no antibodies to cause agglutination. No antigen are going to be foreign

65
Q

What are the consequences of innorrect blood typing?
steps?

A

First : agglutination
Second : ischemia blood flow to tissues
Third : hypoxia occurs In all over the body
Fourth: necrosis occurs due to insufficient ATP to maintain homeostasis

66
Q

If a father has a positive Rhesus and mother with negative Rhesus what will happen?

A

First pregnancy the mom won’t produce anti Rh antibodies until after giving birth the first time.

Everytime after the mom produced anti Rh antibodies . Therefore the second Rh+ fetus seen as foreign

67
Q

What componentes are in formed elements

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes& thrombocytes

68
Q

Where are proteins and glucose found in blood?

A

Plasma

69
Q

What subcategory do antibodies fall into for plasma proteins?

A

Globulins

70
Q

Blood type is based on the presence of antigen on the cells

A

Red blood cells

71
Q

When antibodies bind to antigens on red blood cells the cell will clump together. What is this called?

A

Agglutination

72
Q

Someone with type A blood has these antibodies

A

Anti B antibodies

73
Q

If tested for the Rh factor the blood cells will clump only if the blood is Rh ? Positives ? Negative?

A

Positive

74
Q

The Rhfsxtor may only concern if the mother is Rh ? Negative? Positive?

A

Negative

75
Q

What are the possible genotypes for someone with type B blood

A

(B,B) (O,B)

76
Q

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates Red blood Blod Cell production?

A

Erythropoietin

77
Q

Having low hemoglobin or red blood cell count is called?

A

Anemia

78
Q

What is the functional unit of a kidney?

A

Nephron

79
Q

What is the fluid that leaves the blood then moves through the functional unit of the kidney

A

Filtrate

80
Q

Kidney affect what one major factor that affects blood pressure?

A

Total blood volume

81
Q

What the proceeds of fluid and substances moving out of the glomerular capillaries and into the tubule

A

Filtration

82
Q

What is the process of substances being taken from the nephron tubule and returned to the blood ?

A

Reabsorption

83
Q

Urine is simply fluid removed from what major component of blood?

A

Plasma

84
Q

What sensors are de ring when someone is dehydrated or overhydrated?

A

Osmoreceptors

85
Q

Define excretion

A

Elimination of materials from the body (urinating)

86
Q

Define micturition

A

Technical term for urinating

87
Q

What are the organic molecules that get filtered out of the blood and become part of the filtrate?

A

Glucose, C02, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous waste, small proteins , Hco3- , lipids

88
Q

What category of molecules in the plasma is prevented from passing through the glomerular filter

A

Plasma proteins

89
Q

What are the functions of the urinalysis system?

A
  • Water & electrolyte balance
  • waste removal
  • Ph regulation
  • Red blood cell production
90
Q

What is osmolatity ratio?

A

Miliosmoles / 1 L of H20

91
Q

Which major component of blood (plasma vs formed elements / cellular components ) contains substances that are completely prevented from passing through the glomerular filter

A

Formed , cellular elements

92
Q

Whats the normal range of mOsm

A

290-300

93
Q

How much filtrate does the kidney produce?

A

180 L of filtrate

94
Q

How many L is secreted from the body of the kidney a day?

A

1-2 Liters

95
Q

Define obligatory Water Loss

A

The minimum volume that must be excreted to remove metabolic waste and maintain kidney function . On average 400 mL urine / day

96
Q

What is normal pH in the body

A

7.35-7.45
Average is 7.4

97
Q

Define osmotically active solute

A

Water moves across a membrane to a location with more solutes

98
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Filter and process into filtrate of blood and urine

99
Q

What is the bladder do?

A

Hold the urine until to find the bathroom

100
Q

Function of the urethra?

A

Place where the urine exits

101
Q

Function of the cortex in the kidney?

A

Destination where all filtering and most of the reabsorption occurs

102
Q

Medullla function in the kidney?

A

High levels of solutes to ensure maximum water absorption

103
Q

Nephrons function in kidney?

A

The functional unit of the kidney that is partially in the cortex and medulla. Their ducts collect urine into the renal pelvis

104
Q

Renal pelvis function

A

Funnels urine into ureter

105
Q

Uréter function in kidney?

A

Conducts urine to the bladder

106
Q

Define filtration in the nephron

A

Random movement of water and small solutes. Nephron created clear -ish fluid in the nephron

107
Q

What are the three major functions of the nephron?

A

Filtration , absorption, secretion

108
Q

Define reabsoprtion

A

Returns solutes and water (good stuff) back into the blood from the filtrate as the body needs it

109
Q

Where does filtration occur

A

Glomerulus capsule and bowman’s capsule to produce filtrate

110
Q

Define secretion

A

The back up to the random filtration process.
It’s a selective removal of excess bad stuff through active transport into filtrate for disposal

111
Q

Where is reabsorption occurring in the nephron?

A

Proximal tubule , loop of henle (ascending and descending) , distal tubule and collecting duct

112
Q

Where does secretion occur in the nephron?

A

Proximal tubule , distal tubule & collecting duct

113
Q

What does how much reabsoprtion takes place at the proximal tubule?
what substances are being absorbed?

A

65% of filtrate volume is reabsorbed here
Substance : water , ions organic molecules

114
Q

What is reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of henle?

A

Water only

115
Q

What is reabsorbed in the ascending limb?

A

Solutes only (ions) k , na , cl

116
Q

What stimuli affect nephrons?

A
  1. total blood volume
  2. Blood osmolarity
  3. pH
117
Q

Define proteinuria / albuminuria

A

Substance present in urine

118
Q

Define hematuria

A

Red blood cells in the urine

119
Q

Define glycosuria

A

Glucose is found in the blood

120
Q

What are the hormones affecting kidney function

A

Vasopressin , aldosterone and atrial natiuretic hormone

121
Q

What does vasopressin do in the kidney?

A

Increase water reabsorption

122
Q

What does aldosterone do in the kidney function

A

Increase sodium reabsorption & increase potassium secretion

123
Q

What does atrial natriuretic hormone do in the kidney?

A

Reduced water and salt reabsoprtion
Increased water excretion

124
Q

What 4 specific substances should not be in urine because they should not pass through the filter

A
  1. Leukocytes
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Small dissolved ions
  4. Proteins
125
Q

What 5 specific substances should be reabsorbed in the nephron

A
  1. Ions
  2. Amino acids
  3. Water
  4. Small proteins
  5. Glucose
126
Q

What are chemical classifications

A

Amino acids
Peptides
Steroids

127
Q

What type of signal molecule is secreted from a endocrine cells into the blood

A

Hormone

128
Q

What do target cells have what where they receive signal molecules will bind

A

Receptors

129
Q

Epinephrine is this type of hormone (chemical class)

A

Amino acid

130
Q

What organ produced the growth hormone

A

Pituitary gland

131
Q

Hormones of this chemical class can have receptors inside the cell

A

Steroid

132
Q

Hormone of this chemical class is produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Steroid

133
Q

Insulin is what type of chemical class hormone?

A

Peptide

134
Q

Reproductive hormones are part of what chemical class?

A

Steroid

135
Q

What hormone is secreted by the heart ?

A

ANP ( Atrial Natriuetic peptide )

136
Q

What hormone is produced by the pancreas has the opposite actions at target cells than insulin

A

Glucagon

137
Q

What structure secrets vasopressin

A

Posterior pituitary gland

138
Q

If water is being reabsorbed from the DESCENDING LIMB of the loop of henle what happens to the concentration from the top of the limb to the bottom

A

Concentration goes up

139
Q

If ions are being reabsorbed from the ascending limb what happens to the concentration? From the filtrate from the bottom of the loop to the top

A

Concentration goes down

140
Q

Which must move first - water from descending limb or ions from the ascending limb?

A

Ions , because it is osmotically active solute to draw in water

141
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Ratio of erythrocytes to total blood volume

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

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