UNIT 5 - CH 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural landscape

A

Landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a locations natural environment

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2
Q

Agroecosystem

A

Ecosystem modified for agricultural use

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3
Q

Deforestation

A

Loss of forest land and soil erosion (wearing away of topsoil by wind, rain, and other phenomena)

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4
Q

Terrace farming

A

Farming where farmers carve parts of a hill or mountainside into small, level, growing plots

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5
Q

Irrigation

A

To supplement rainfall, water is brought from its natural sources to farm fields through canals and other means

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6
Q

Reservoirs

A

Artificial lakes created by building dams across streams and rivers

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7
Q

Aquifers

A

Layers of underground sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a useable amount of water

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8
Q

Wetlands

A

Areas of land that are covered by or saturates with water - such as swamps, marches, and bogs

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9
Q

Desertification

A

Form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert-like condition - can be the result of poor pastoral nomadism practices in arid or semiarid land

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10
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of organisms living in a location

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11
Q

Pollution

A

Water runoff from fields may contain chemicals and nutrients from pesticides and fertilizers, as well as bacteria and disease-carrying organisms - which damages the ecosystem

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12
Q

Land cover change

A

Refers to how the surface of land is altered by different land uses - especially by the way humans use the land

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13
Q

Soil salinization

A

In arid regions, irrigation water evaporates, leaving salts behind in the soil

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14
Q

Overgrazing

A

Grazing so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground erodes

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15
Q

Conservation

A

Managing and protecting natural resources to prevent their depletion

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16
Q

Sustainability

A

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

17
Q

Debt-for-nature-swap

A

When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources

18
Q

Biotechnology

A

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes

19
Q

Agricultural biodiversity

A

Describes the variety and variability of plants, animals, and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture

20
Q

Aquaculture

A

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

21
Q

Precision agriculture

A

Use of computer technology and geographic information systems to automatically very the chemicals applied to a crop at different places within a field

22
Q

Local food movement

A

Collaborative effort to build more locally based, self-reliant food economies

23
Q

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

A

Network between agricultural producers and consumers whereby consumers pledge support to a farming operation in order to receive a share of the output from the farming operation

24
Q

Organic farming

A

The use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

25
Value-added crops
Changing the physical state or form of an agricultural product in a way that increases its worth (wheat into flour or berries into jam)
26
Dietary shifts
Nutrition transition is the shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincides with economic, demographic, and epidemiological changes
27
Food security
Peoples ability to access sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life
28
Food insecurity
Limited or uncertain ability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways
29
Suburbanization
The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe
30
Food desserts
An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has a poor access to a grocery store
31
Biodiversity
The number of different species in an area
32
Overgrazing
Grazing so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground erodes
33