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AP Human Geography > UNIT 5 - CH 12 > Flashcards

UNIT 5 - CH 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Agriculture

A

Purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival

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2
Q

Crops

A

Plants grown to be used as food or used for textile and paper products or for industrial purposes

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3
Q

Elevation

A

Distance above sea level. It affects the growing season and what plants can be grown. The higher the elevation - the lower the temps.

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4
Q

Soil

A

The biologically active coating of the Earth’s surface. It is a vital factor in determining the agricultural potential of a given area.

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5
Q

Topography

A

An areas land features - including the slope of the area of land - which affects the ability of the soil to stay in place and retain water. The steeper the slope - the more likely soil will be affected by runoff.

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6
Q

Climate Regions

A

Areas that have similar climate patterns generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts or continental interiors.

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7
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in cultivating crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts and fruits are ideal. Also ideal for raising sheep and goals.

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8
Q

Wet-rice Farming

A

Rice cultivation in a flooded field

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9
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

Farmers grow crops and raise livestock to sell to customers

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10
Q

Substance Agriculture

A

The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family

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11
Q

Bid rent theory

A

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. (For agriculture - land costs determine how intensely the land is farmed)

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12
Q

Central Business District (CBD)

A

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transport systems converge

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13
Q

Mates and Bounds System

A

It is a system that describes property boundaries in terms of line drawn in a certain direction for a specific distance from clear points of reference - those points of reference were typically a natural feature - such as a crest of a hill or a specific tree

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14
Q

Long-lot survey system

A

Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals

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15
Q

Township and range system

A

In property lines in grid patter, one square mile sections that display uniformity

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16
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

A form of substance agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

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17
Q

Clustered rural settlement

A

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surrounded the settlement

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18
Q

Dispersed rural settlement

A

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

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19
Q

Linear rural settlements

A

Clustered along road, river, or dike; lots of land perpendicular to river and road inland parallel to river; lots of land parallel to original riverfront settlement (St. Lawrence river in Quebec)

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20
Q

Monocropping

A

The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally (commonly corn, soybeans, wheat or cotton)

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21
Q

Monoculture

A

Agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

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22
Q

Corn belt

A

97 acres of corn and soybeans planted in the Midwest

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23
Q

Fertilizers

A

A chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility

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24
Q

Pesticides/herbicides

A

Substances used for destroying things that are harmful to growing plants

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25
Q

Pesticides

A

Insect resistant

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26
Q

Herbicides

A

Weed resistant

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27
Q

Crop rotation

A

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

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28
Q

Plantation agriculture

A

Large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation. Intensive agriculture (labor intensive) - typically takes place in peripheral and semi-aerial countries. Major crops: cotton, bananas, coffee, tobacco, tea, sugarcane, palm oil, cacao, and rubber

29
Q

Market gardening

A

Farming that produces fruits, vegetables, flowers, and typically serves a specific market where farmers can conveniently sell to local grocery stores, restaurants, farmer markets, and stands.

30
Q

Truck farming

A

Used to be synonymous with market gardening - this type of market gardening serves markets that are very distant from the farm. Use large refrigerated trucks to transport crops.

31
Q

Farm-to-Table movement

A

Movement emphasizes fresh, locally grown ingredients serves at restaurants

32
Q

Greenhouse

A

Special structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. Market gardeners often invest in this type of technology to germinate seeds before growing season so that they may spread out crop production the provide a constant supply of products throughout the year

33
Q

Mixed crop and livestock system

A

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; both crops and livestock are raised for profit.
Two types:
-on farm: both crops and livestock are raised on the same farm
-between farm: two farmers share resourced - one growing crops and the other raising livestock

34
Q

Extensive agriculture

A

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area

35
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The largest population that an environment can support at any given time

36
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

The practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, the abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated.

37
Q

Slash and burn agriculture

A

A farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land (type of shifting cultivation) Swidden is another name for slash and burn agriculture

38
Q

Nomadic herding/pastoral nomadism

A

A form of substance agriculture based on herding domesticated animals over open pastoral lands. As plant life and water are used up and consumed in one area, nomads herd their animals tot he next plot of land.

39
Q

Transhumance

A

The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer

40
Q

Ranching

A

Farming for the raising of livestock (particularly cattle)

41
Q

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)

A

A method in which large numbers of meat or dairy animals are reared at high densities in confined spaces called feedlots so they can maximize the potential of the land.

42
Q

Feedlots

A

Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains

43
Q

Domestication

A

The deliberate effort to grow plants or raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands, and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics

44
Q

Foragers

A

Small, nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diets and ate small animals or fish for protein

45
Q

Agricultural hearths

A

Places where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals

46
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

An area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where domestication first took place - the people grew wheat, barley, rye, and legumes, and domesticated sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs

47
Q

Colombian Exchange

A

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages

48
Q

First Agricultural Revolution

A

Origin of farming, about 11,000 years ago - was the shift from foraging to farming and marked the beginning of agriculture

49
Q

Terrace Farming

A

A farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain

50
Q

Irrigation

A

A way of supplying water to an area of land

51
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

Early 1700s - began in Britain and Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands)
-resulted in population boom
-saw dramatic improvement in crop yields
-revolution included innovations like: effective yokes for oxen/horses, advancements in fertilizers and drainage systems, the enclosure system, new technologies (mechanism), AND new methods of crop rotation

52
Q

Norfolk Four Field System

A

Crop rotation system that was a key innovation of the 2nd agricultural revolution. Wheat was grown in the first year, turnips in the second, followed by barley, with clover and ryegrass undersown, in the third. The clover and ryegrass were grazed or cut for feed in the fourth year.

53
Q

Seed drill

A

Jethro Tull’s invention - first agricultural machine with moving parts - it was a mechanical Seder that sowed seeds at the correct depth, spacing and covering the seed

54
Q

Steel plow

A

John Deere’s invention - made it easier to plow in deep, tough, soil, such as the soil found in the American Midwest

55
Q

Enclosure system/movement

A

Taking and fencing off land formerly shared by peasants on communal land - replacing them with farms owned by individuals and usage was restricted to the owner or tenants that rented the land from the owner

56
Q

Mechanical reaper

A

A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field (mechanization of harvesting grain)

57
Q

Cotton gin

A

Eli Whitney’s invention - mechanization of the separation of cotton fibers from seeds

58
Q

Crop yield

A

Standard measurement of the amount of agriculture production harvested - yield of crop - per unit of land area

59
Q

Third Agricultural Revolution

A

Began in the early 20th century and continues to today - features further mechanization, development of new technology, move from animal power to mechanical then later to electric power. Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides were introduced AND biological engineering if the genetic makeup of plants and animals to increase yields were introduced.

60
Q

Biotechnology

A

The science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposed such as crops that resist certain pests

61
Q

Synthetic

A

Human-made

62
Q

Hybrid

A

The product created by breeding varieties of species to enhance the most favorable characteristics

63
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

A

An organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species - scientists manipulated the genetic makeup of plants and animals - enhancing their ability to resist disease or drought or to have more nutritional impact or consumer appeal.

64
Q

Mechanical combine

A

A machine that reaps, threshes, an cleans grain while mowing over a field

65
Q

Crop-dusting

A

The application of pesticides to plants by a low-flying plane

66
Q

Green revolution

A

Offshoot of the 3rd revolution - the new crop strains (already used in the US) were introduced in developing countries with low yields and large populations (Mexico, India, Indonesia)

67
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

Father of Green Revolution - American scientist who was dedicated to taking the advances of the Third Revolution to peripheral and semi peripheral countries (Mexico, South Asia)

68
Q

Sustainable agriculture

A

Partially based on protecting the environment, ensuring profitability, and promoting greater social equality

AP Human Geography (17 decks)

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