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Unit 4b Flashcards

0
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

Remove waste products from the blood, maintain blood pH, regulate the water content of the blood, and regulate the blood volume.

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1
Q

What are the parts of the excretory system?

A

The kidneys, skin, lungs, liver, and rectum.

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

On either side of the spinal column near the lower back

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3
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Tunes that leave each kidney and ends at the urinary bladder

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4
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

A sac-like organ where urine is stored before being excreted

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5
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube where urine is released by the urinary bladder

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6
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner part of the kidney

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7
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The outer part of the kidney

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8
Q

What are the nephrons?

A

The functional units of the kidneys

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9
Q

What is filtration?

A

Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes

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10
Q

What happens during filtration?

A

Blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct . The purified blood exits the nephron through the venue

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11
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel

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12
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

A small network of capillaries encased in the Bowman’s Capsule

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13
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

Glands that release their products into the bloodstream

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14
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemicals released in one part if the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body

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15
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

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16
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that release their secretions through ducts directly to the organs that use them

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17
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells

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18
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

A gland that secretes 9 hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands

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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

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20
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Has the major role in regulating the body’s metabolism

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21
Q

What do the thyroid and parathyroid glands do?

A

Act to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in the blood

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22
Q

What do adrenal glands do?

A

Release hormones that help the body prepare for and deal with stress

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23
Q

What does insulin and glucagon do?

A

Help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable

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24
What do the gonads do?
Serve two important functions; production of gametes and the secretion of sex hormones
25
Where is the pituitary gland located?
In the brain
26
What does the pituitary gland release that effects the reproductive system?
Releases GnRH and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
27
What does the Follicle Stimulating Hormone do?
Triggers a follicle to start developing
28
What triggers ovulation?
A spike in lutinizing hormones
29
What occurs during ovulation?
An egg is released from an ovary, causing the fimbrae to create a current to hopefully draw the egg into the Fallopain tube
30
What happens after ovulation?
Progesterone is released by the corpus luteum
31
What does progesterone do?
It triggers the uterus to begin preparing the lining to support a possible zygote
32
Want happens during the menstrual cycle?
The lining of the uterus sheds
33
What is the cervix?
The end of the uterus
34
What does the umbilical chord do?
Feeds nutrients to the embryo
35
What does the placenta do?
Gathers and filters nutrients for the embryo
36
Where does sperm production begin?
In the testes
37
Where is sperm made?
In the seminiferous tubules
38
What is the acrosome?
The head of the sperm
39
What is the epididymis?
A coiled tube attached to the surface of each testis
40
What does the vas deferents do?
It passes over the urinary bladder, connecting the epididymis to the urethra
41
What do the seminal vesticles do?
Produce fluid that nourishes sperm
42
What does the prostrate gland do?
Secretes an alkaline fluid that counteracts the acids found in the male urethra and in the vagina of the female
43
What is the areola?
The skin around the nipple
44
What does the lobule do?
Produces milk
45
What does the bulbourethral gland do?
Secretes an alkaline fluid that becomes apart of the semen
46
What does the urethra do?
Carries urine during urination and semen during ejaculation
47
What is a disease?
Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body
48
What are some ways that diseases are produced?
By agents, caused by materials in the environment, or are inherited
49
What are pathogens?
Disease-causing agents
50
Who came up with germ theory of disease?
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
51
What is the germ theory of disease?
Infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms of different types, commonly called germs
52
What are Koch's Postulates?
1: the pathogen should always be found in the body of a sick organism 2: the pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure culture 3: when the cultured pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease 4: the injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host and should be identical to the original pathogen
53
What are some types of diseases?
Viruses, bacteria, protists, and worms
54
How are diseases spread?
Through physical contact, contaminated food and water, and infected animals
55
What are antibiotics?
Compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the host
56
What is the function of the immune system?
Fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells
57
What is the first line of defense against disease?
The skin
58
What is an inflammatory response?
A nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
59
What is the second line of defense against disease?
Inflammatory response
60
What are inferferons?
Groups of proteins that help other cells resist viral infection
61
What is the immune response?
A series if specific defenses that attack the particular disease-causing agent
62
What are antigens?
Common over reactions of the immune system to antigens
63
What causes an autoimmune disease?
The immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body's own cells
64
What type of cell are bacteria?
Prokaryotes
65
What are the two Kingdoms of bacteria?
Archaebacteria and eubacteria
66
Where does archaebacteria live?
In extreme environments
67
What is a spirillum shape?
Spiral
68
What is a bacillus shape?
Rod-shaped
69
What is a coccus shape?
Spherical
70
What happens in staphyloccocus?
Bacteria clumps together like grapes
71
What happens during streptococcus?
Bacteria clump together in long chains
72
What is diplococcus?
Two paired cells
73
Where does penicillin come from?
The molds of the genus penicillium
74
What is binary fission?
Asexual reproduction
75
What is conjugation?
Exchanging of genetic material
76
What is nitrogen fixation?
The process by which some bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia
77
What causes endospores to be made?
Encountering hostile conditions
78
What are some important bacterial uses?
Farming, medical, and food
79
What is a plasmid?
Bacteria' circular DNA
80
What does the Gram Stain do?
Divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups
81
How does a Gram-positive bacteria show up?
Purple
82
How does a Gram-negative bacteria show up?
Pink
83
What bacteria is the majority of bacteria in the digestive system?
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
84
What is a virus?
An infectious agent make up of a protein coat and a nucleic core that only replicates in a host cell
85
What is a capsid?
Protein coat around the nucleic acid
86
What is an envelope?
An outer, protective coat, usually make of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
87
What are the steps of the lyctic cycle?
Attach, enter, replicate, assemble, release
88
What happens during the lysogenic cycle?
Nucleic material attaches to the host's DNA and remains dormant
89
What is prophage?
Viral DNA in the host's DNA
90
What is a bacteriophage?
Virus that only infect bacteria
91
What is a retrovirus?
A virus that contains reverse transcriptase
92
What is a viroid?
Single strand of RNA
93
What is a prion?
Protein molecule that causes disease in animals
94
What do virus studies help establish?
Molecular genetics
95
How does molecular genetics help us?
Helps us understand viruses

Biology (21 decks)

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