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Biology > Unit 4b > Flashcards

Unit 4b Flashcards

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0
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

Remove waste products from the blood, maintain blood pH, regulate the water content of the blood, and regulate the blood volume.

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1
Q

What are the parts of the excretory system?

A

The kidneys, skin, lungs, liver, and rectum.

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

On either side of the spinal column near the lower back

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3
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Tunes that leave each kidney and ends at the urinary bladder

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4
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

A sac-like organ where urine is stored before being excreted

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5
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube where urine is released by the urinary bladder

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6
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner part of the kidney

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7
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The outer part of the kidney

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8
Q

What are the nephrons?

A

The functional units of the kidneys

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9
Q

What is filtration?

A

Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes

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10
Q

What happens during filtration?

A

Blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct . The purified blood exits the nephron through the venue

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11
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel

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12
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

A small network of capillaries encased in the Bowman’s Capsule

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13
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

Glands that release their products into the bloodstream

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14
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemicals released in one part if the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body

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15
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

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16
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that release their secretions through ducts directly to the organs that use them

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17
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells

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18
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

A gland that secretes 9 hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands

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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

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20
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Has the major role in regulating the body’s metabolism

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21
Q

What do the thyroid and parathyroid glands do?

A

Act to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in the blood

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22
Q

What do adrenal glands do?

A

Release hormones that help the body prepare for and deal with stress

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23
Q

What does insulin and glucagon do?

A

Help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable

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24
Q

What do the gonads do?

A

Serve two important functions; production of gametes and the secretion of sex hormones

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25
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

In the brain

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26
Q

What does the pituitary gland release that effects the reproductive system?

A

Releases GnRH and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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27
Q

What does the Follicle Stimulating Hormone do?

A

Triggers a follicle to start developing

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28
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

A spike in lutinizing hormones

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29
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

An egg is released from an ovary, causing the fimbrae to create a current to hopefully draw the egg into the Fallopain tube

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30
Q

What happens after ovulation?

A

Progesterone is released by the corpus luteum

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31
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

It triggers the uterus to begin preparing the lining to support a possible zygote

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32
Q

Want happens during the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus sheds

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33
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The end of the uterus

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34
Q

What does the umbilical chord do?

A

Feeds nutrients to the embryo

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35
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Gathers and filters nutrients for the embryo

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36
Q

Where does sperm production begin?

A

In the testes

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37
Q

Where is sperm made?

A

In the seminiferous tubules

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38
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

The head of the sperm

39
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A coiled tube attached to the surface of each testis

40
Q

What does the vas deferents do?

A

It passes over the urinary bladder, connecting the epididymis to the urethra

41
Q

What do the seminal vesticles do?

A

Produce fluid that nourishes sperm

42
Q

What does the prostrate gland do?

A

Secretes an alkaline fluid that counteracts the acids found in the male urethra and in the vagina of the female

43
Q

What is the areola?

A

The skin around the nipple

44
Q

What does the lobule do?

A

Produces milk

45
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

Secretes an alkaline fluid that becomes apart of the semen

46
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

Carries urine during urination and semen during ejaculation

47
Q

What is a disease?

A

Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body

48
Q

What are some ways that diseases are produced?

A

By agents, caused by materials in the environment, or are inherited

49
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease-causing agents

50
Q

Who came up with germ theory of disease?

A

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

51
Q

What is the germ theory of disease?

A

Infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms of different types, commonly called germs

52
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A

1: the pathogen should always be found in the body of a sick organism
2: the pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure culture
3: when the cultured pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease
4: the injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host and should be identical to the original pathogen

53
Q

What are some types of diseases?

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists, and worms

54
Q

How are diseases spread?

A

Through physical contact, contaminated food and water, and infected animals

55
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the host

56
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells

57
Q

What is the first line of defense against disease?

A

The skin

58
Q

What is an inflammatory response?

A

A nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

59
Q

What is the second line of defense against disease?

A

Inflammatory response

60
Q

What are inferferons?

A

Groups of proteins that help other cells resist viral infection

61
Q

What is the immune response?

A

A series if specific defenses that attack the particular disease-causing agent

62
Q

What are antigens?

A

Common over reactions of the immune system to antigens

63
Q

What causes an autoimmune disease?

A

The immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells

64
Q

What type of cell are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes

65
Q

What are the two Kingdoms of bacteria?

A

Archaebacteria and eubacteria

66
Q

Where does archaebacteria live?

A

In extreme environments

67
Q

What is a spirillum shape?

A

Spiral

68
Q

What is a bacillus shape?

A

Rod-shaped

69
Q

What is a coccus shape?

A

Spherical

70
Q

What happens in staphyloccocus?

A

Bacteria clumps together like grapes

71
Q

What happens during streptococcus?

A

Bacteria clump together in long chains

72
Q

What is diplococcus?

A

Two paired cells

73
Q

Where does penicillin come from?

A

The molds of the genus penicillium

74
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction

75
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Exchanging of genetic material

76
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process by which some bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia

77
Q

What causes endospores to be made?

A

Encountering hostile conditions

78
Q

What are some important bacterial uses?

A

Farming, medical, and food

79
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Bacteria’ circular DNA

80
Q

What does the Gram Stain do?

A

Divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups

81
Q

How does a Gram-positive bacteria show up?

A

Purple

82
Q

How does a Gram-negative bacteria show up?

A

Pink

83
Q

What bacteria is the majority of bacteria in the digestive system?

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

84
Q

What is a virus?

A

An infectious agent make up of a protein coat and a nucleic core that only replicates in a host cell

85
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein coat around the nucleic acid

86
Q

What is an envelope?

A

An outer, protective coat, usually make of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

87
Q

What are the steps of the lyctic cycle?

A

Attach, enter, replicate, assemble, release

88
Q

What happens during the lysogenic cycle?

A

Nucleic material attaches to the host’s DNA and remains dormant

89
Q

What is prophage?

A

Viral DNA in the host’s DNA

90
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Virus that only infect bacteria

91
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus that contains reverse transcriptase

92
Q

What is a viroid?

A

Single strand of RNA

93
Q

What is a prion?

A

Protein molecule that causes disease in animals

94
Q

What do virus studies help establish?

A

Molecular genetics

95
Q

How does molecular genetics help us?

A

Helps us understand viruses

Biology (21 decks)

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