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Biology > Unit 4a > Flashcards

Unit 4a Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the types of tissues in the human body?

A

Connective, muscle, epithelium, and nerve

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1
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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2
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Connects cell layers

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3
Q

What function does muscle tissue have?

A

Associated with hairs and response

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4
Q

What function does epithelium tissue have?

A

Cover the body

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5
Q

What function does nerve tissue have?

A

Detection

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6
Q

Where is connective tissue located?

A

Between cell layers

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7
Q

Where is muscle tissue located?

A

In the skin

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8
Q

Where is epithelium tissue located?

A

On the body

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9
Q

Where is nerve tissue located?

A

On the nerves

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10
Q

What are the parts of the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems, and neurons

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11
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

To function the body’s actions and process the feedback

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12
Q

What does the frontal love control?

A

Thought, memory, and behavior

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13
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Hearing, learning, and emotions

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14
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Language and touch

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15
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Visual processing

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16
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance and coordination

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17
Q

What does the brain stem control?

A

Breathing, heart rate, and temperature

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18
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Process and controls reflexes

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19
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Sends and receives impulses to and from the brain

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20
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Receives impulses from the axon terminals

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21
Q

What does the axon and axon terminals do?

A

Carries impulses away from the cell body

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22
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Insulating membrane that surrounds the axon

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23
Q

What is a node?

A

The exposed axon not covered in the myelin sheath

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24
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between the axon terminal and the dendrite

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26
Q

What are the five senses?

A

Sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch

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27
Q

What do stimulants do?

A

Increase the actions regulated by the nervous system; increases neurotransmitter at some synapses in the brain

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28
Q

What do depressants do?

A

Decrease the rate of functions regulated by the brain; slow down heart rate and breathing, lower blood pressure, relax muscles, and relieve tension

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29
Q

What are some stimulants?

A

Cocaine and opiates

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30
Q

What are some depressants?

A

Marijuana and alcohol

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31
Q

What is an action potential?

A

The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

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32
Q

What are the parts of the integumentary system?

A

The epidermis and dermis

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33
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protects against sunlight, disease, water and is the largest sense organ

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34
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

Regulates body temperature

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35
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Provides support and movement and produces blood cells

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36
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The skull and the bones that support it; vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

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37
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the arms and legs and structures associated with them

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38
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place where two or more bones meet

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39
Q

What types of joints are there?

A

Ball and socket, hinge, gliding, pivot, and fixed

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40
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A tough band of connective tissues that connects bones to bones

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41
Q

What does cartilage allow?

A

Smooth movement between bones

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42
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion and absorb shock and keeps bones from rubbing against each other

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43
Q

What are tendons?

A

Thick bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

44
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Forcible twisting of a joint; can result in injury to the bursa, ligaments, and tendons

45
Q

What is arthritis?

A

A common joint disease; inflammation results from infection, aging, or injury and can result in bone spurs

46
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Potential bone cells

47
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that repair bone cells

48
Q

What is compact tissue?

A

A layer if hard bone covered by a nerve and blood vessel filled membrane that supplies nutrients and oxygen to bone cells

49
Q

What is spongy tissue?

A

Tissue filled with many holes and spaces

50
Q

What is marrow?

A

Soft tissue which fills the center cavity of a bone

51
Q

What does red marrow do?

A

Produced red blood cells, some white blood cells, and cell fragments involved in blood clotting

52
Q

Where is red marrow located?

A

In the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebra, and pelvis

53
Q

What does yellow marrow do?

A

Stores fats and acids

54
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

Many other bones

55
Q

What supplies the energy muscles need?

A

Cellular respiration

56
Q

What are the types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

57
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

On bones

58
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In internal organs and blood vessels

59
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the heart

60
Q

What is skeletal muscles function?

A

Moves skeleton with short and strong contractions

61
Q

What is smooth muscles function?

A

To contract slowly

62
Q

What is cardiac muscles function?

A

Conduct electrical impulses necessary for rhythmic contraction

63
Q

What are skeleton muscles made of?

A

Bundles of muscle fiber that consists myofibrils, which are tiny cylinder shaped structures

64
Q

What to myofibrils contain?

A

Filaments

65
Q

What are thick filaments made of?

A

Myosin

66
Q

What are thin filaments made of?

A

Actin

67
Q

What are sections of myofibrils called?

A

Sacromere

68
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

69
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

A single layer of epithelial cells

70
Q

What are arteries and veins made of?

A

Smooth muscle and connective tissue

71
Q

What do valves prevent?

A

The back flow of blood

72
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

73
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Blood flows from the veins into the heart chamber

74
Q

What happens during systole?

A

Atria briefly contract and fill the ventricles with blood. Ventricles contract and propel blood out

75
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do?

A

Generated electrical signals that trigger the contraction of the atria

76
Q

What causes heart attacks?

A

Coronary feeding the heart is blocked

77
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

Arteries

78
Q

Where does blood pressure drop to zero?

A

Veins

79
Q

What factors keep blood moving back to the heart?

A

Muscle contractions, breathing, and one way valves

80
Q

What is blood pressure measured by?

A

Systolic and diastolic pressures

81
Q

What can measuring blood pressure reveal?

A

Cardiovascular problems

82
Q

What causes blood clotting?

A

Blood vessels are injured. Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin; thromboplastin converts prothrombin to thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot

83
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system

84
Q

What fluid can be lost by the blood?

A

Lymph

85
Q

What is the basic function of the respiratory system?

A

To bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

86
Q

What makes up the respiratory system?

A

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

87
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Serves as a passageway for both air and food

88
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The windpipe

89
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

Vocal chords

90
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The large passageways in the chest cavity

91
Q

What happens during has exchange?

A

The oxygen dissolved in the moisture on the inner surface of the alveoli and then diffuses across the thin walled capillaries into the blood; carbon dioxide in the bloodstream diffuses in the opposite direction

92
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A large, flat muscle under the lungs

93
Q

What happens during breathing?

A

When you breath in, the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage rises up; when you breathe out, the diaphragm relaxed and the rib cage lowers

94
Q

What makes up the digestive system?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

95
Q

What do most of the mechanical digestion?

A

Teeth

96
Q

What enzyme does saliva contain?

A

Amylase

97
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

The food tube that leads to the stomach

98
Q

What contraction of the smooth muscle causes food, water, and waste to move slowly?

A

Peristalsis

99
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A large muscular sac

100
Q

What two enzymes begin protein digestion?

A

Pepsin and hydrochloric acid

101
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, enzymes that break down food, and sodium bicarbonate

102
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile

103
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores bike

104
Q

What do villi do?

A

Absorb nutrients

105
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Removes water from the un digested material that is left

Biology (21 decks)

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