Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of a protist?
A
A single celled organism
2
Q
What are common protists and what diseases do they cause?
A
Protozoans, eukaryotic algae, and slime molds. Protozoa can cause malaria
3
Q
How are protists classified?
A
They are classified in the kingdom Protista
4
Q
Plantlike protists must contain what to be able to carry out photosynthesis?
A
Chloroplasts
5
Q
How do funguslike protists get their energy?
A
They hunt other microorganisms
6
Q
How are animallike protists classified?
A
Protozoa
7
Q
What is the definition of a fungus?
A
Eukaryotic single-celled or multinucleate organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow
8
Q
Fungi living in the vaginal canal are in constant competition with what other microorganisms?
A
Bacteria
9
Q
How do most fungi feed? What are other ways that some fungi feed?
A
Most decompose organic decaying matter, while some perform photosynthesis
10
Q
How do fungi reproduce?
A
Sexually (less common) and asexually (most common)
11
Q
What is the function of hyphae?
A
A tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or water mold
12
Q
What is the function of mycelium?
A
To absorb food and water
13
Q
What is the function of stolon?
A
To produce new plants
14
Q
What is the function of a rhizoid?
A
To anchor the fungus, release digestive enzymes, and absorb digested material
15
Q
What are lichens and what types of environments can they survive in?
A
A symbiotic union of fungus and algae, and they can live in habitable environments
16
Q
What is the most important role of fungi in our environment?
A
The decomposition of organic compounds
17
Q
When yeast ferments, what gas is it putting off to allow the bread to rise?
A
Carbon dioxide
18
Q
What are the common fungi and what diseases do they cause?
A
Edible mushrooms and they cause sporotrichosis
19
Q
What are fungi cell walls composed of?
A
Chitin
20
Q
What is the definition of a plant?
A
Multicellular organisms that typically produce their own food using photosynthesis
21
Q
What are the major functions of stems in plants?
A
To support the plant
22
Q
What is the main function of the cuticle?
A
To cover and protect the leaves
23
Q
What is the main function of the epidermis?
A
To cover and protect the plant
24
Q
What is the main function of the mesophyll?
A
The chlorophyll containing interior parts of a leaf
25
What is the main function of the xylem?
To provide support and conduct water and nutrients upward from the roots
26
What is the main function of the phloem?
To provide support and conduct energy and nutrients down from the leaves
27
What is the main function of the guard cells?
To open and close the stoma
28
What is the main function of the stomata?
To perform gas exchange
29
What are the differences between the two categories of angiosperoms (monocot/dicot)?
Monocots have a single cotyledon, parallel veins, floral parts in multiples of three, vascular bundles scattered, and fiberous roots. Dictos have two cotyledon, branched veins, floral parts in muliples of four or five, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, and taproots
30
What does the seed contain?
An embryo or rudimentary plant
31
What are the major functions of the leaves?
To perform photosynthesis
32
What are the three tropisms and what cause them to occur?
Phototropism : response to light
Geotropism : response to gravity
Hydrotropism : response to water
33
What is the function of the petal?
Attract insects and other pollinators to the flower
34
What is the function of the carpel/pistil?
Seed bearing female organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, style, and stigma
35
What is the function of the stigma?
Sticky portion where pollen grains land
36
What is the function of the style?
Stalk from the carpel
37
What is the function of the ovary?
Produce ovules
38
What is the function of the ovule?
Once fertilized, to become a seed
39
What is the function of the stamen?
The male organ of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament
40
What is the function of the filament?
To support the anther
41
What is the function of the anther?
To produce pollen grains
42
What is the function of the sepal?
To enclose the bud before it opens, and to protect the flower while it's developing
43
What are the ways that seeds can be dispersed?
Wind, water, and consumption
44
How does fruit help with seed dispersal?
Animals eat the fruit, the seeds do not get digested, and pass through the animal without the fruit
45
The term "vascular tissue" refers to what?
Xylem and phloem
46
Moving to land required plants to develop what types of adaptations?
Vascular tissue, cuticle, and seeds and pollen
47
What are plant cell walls composed of?
Cellulose
48
What is fruit?
The edible product of a plant that contains seeds
49
What is the definition of an animal?
A living organism that feeds on organic matter and is able to respond rapidly to stimuli
50
What does cephalization refer to, and in what types of symmetry would it be found?
It refers to the development of a head and brain, and it can be found in bilateral symmetry
51
What is the difference between an open/closed circulatory system?
In a closed circulatory system, blood is pumped by a heart through blood vessels, but in an open circulatory system, blood is pumped by a heart into body cavities
52
Would animals with simple nervous systems be able to exhibit complex behaviors?
Yes
53
What are the three types of symmetry? Examples?
Radial : jellyfish
Bilateral : humans
Asymmetric : sponges
54
What is the difference between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton?
An endoskeleton is on the inside of an organism, while exoskeleton is on the outside of an organism
55
What is the difference between an invertebrate and a vertebrate?
Invertebrates do not have a back bone or spinal column while vertebrates do
56
The Chordate phylum is very special because it requires what four characteristics?
Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail during at least part of development
57
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?
Epithelium, connective, muscular, and nerve
58
What are the levels of organization?
Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
59
What is homeostasis?
Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
60
What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?
Return lost fluids back into the circulatory system
61
What are the major functions of the nervous system?
Controls and coordinates functions and responds to internal and external stimuli
62
What are the major functions of the excretory system?
Filter and remove wastes
63
What are the major functions of the reproductive system?
Produce and deliver gametes
64
What are the major functions of the respiratory system?
Provide oxygen for cellular respiration and remove carbon dioxide and water
65
What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
Provides support for the body, movement, and produces blood cells
66
What are the major functions of the endocrine system?
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
67
What are the major functions of the integumentary system?
Regulates body temperature, serves as a protective organ and sense organ
68
What are the major functions of the circulatory system?
Deliver oxygen and take carbon dioxide for cellular respiration
69
Sweating, urination, and respiration are all related because they allow the body to rid itself of what excess?
Wastes
70
What are the monomers and functions of proteins?
Monomers: amino acids
Function: build muscle
71
What are the monomers and functions of carbohydrates?
Monomers: simple sugars
Function: provide energy
72
What are the monomers and functions of nucleic acids?
Monomers: nucleotide
Function: store hereditary information
73
What are the monomers and functions of lipids?
Monomers: fatty acids, glycerol
Function: provide energy
74
What macromolecule is our main source of energy?
Carbohydrates
75
Who is the father of evolution?
Charles Darwin
76
What islands did Charles Darwin explore and gain the majority of his information from?
The Galapagos Islands
77
What were the main ideas that Darwin proposed?
Evolution and fitness
78
What was Darwin's work titled, and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?
On the Origin of Species -
79
What does the term "survival of the fittest" mean?
Those with less favorable traits are less likely to survive
80
What does the term "natural selection" mean?
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
81
What people influenced Darwin?
James Hutton, Lamark, Charles Lyell, Malthus
82
What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?
Fossil record, anatomy of organisms, embryos, DNA and RNA sequences, natural selection, and mutation
83
What does the term "fitness" mean?
Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment
84
What is a vestigial structure?
Any body structure that is reduced or has no function in a living organism but may have at one time by ancestors
85
What is a homologous structure?
Almost same structure of a body part but with different functions
86
What is an analogous structure?
Body parts of different organisms that have the same function but different structure
87
Who was Carlos Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science?
Linnaus's System of Classification
88
What is binomial nomenclature?
Classification of living things, giving it two names
89
What is the order of classification?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
90
What are the two major categories of cells and how do you determine the difference between them?
Eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not
91
What are the two major categories of bacteria and how do you know the difference between them?
Archaebacteria: live in extreme environments
Eubacteria: are heterotrophs, autotrophs, or chemosynthetic autotrophs
92
What are the three shapes that bacteria are classified?
Spirillum, bacillus, and coccus
93
How are bacteria helpful/harmful?
Helpful: break down food
Harmful: cause diseases
94
What is the basic structure of a virus?
Protein coat and nucleic core
95
What is a vaccine and what does it do?
A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases.
96
What does a Gram staining test show?
It shows if the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides is there to prevent the stain from reaching the peptidoglycan layer
97
What are antibiotics and what do they do?
A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
98
What are common bacteria diseases?
Lyme disease and Gonorrhea
99
What are common viral diseases?
Cold or flu
100
What is a producer?
An organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds
101
What is an autotroph?
An organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds
102
What is a consumer?
An organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply
103
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes
104
What is a decomposer?
An organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
105
What is a herbivore?
An organism that obtains energy by eating only plants
106
What is an omnivore?
An organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
107
What is a carnivore?
An organism that obtains energy by eating animals
108
What is a scavenger?
An animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.
109
What is a detrivore?
An organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter
110
What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go?
The 10% rule is used in the movement of energy; only 10% of the energy is obtained. The other 90% is lost as heat.
111
What is nitrogen fixation, what organism does it, and why is it important?
Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which is an important nutrient to plants
112
Energy in the living environment flows in how many directions?
One
113
Nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, water) in the living environment flow in how many directions?
One
114
A valid hypothesis must be _________.
tested
115
A valid hypothesis is based on what?
Evidence
116
How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?
One
117
What are the characteristics of living things?
```
Made of cells
Obtain and use energy
Grow and develop
Reproduce
Respond to the environment
```
118
Biology is the study of?
Life
119
What is the function of a nucleus?
Contains nearly all the cell's DNA and coded instructions
120
What is the function of a ribosome?
To assembled on ribosome
121
What is the function of a mitochondria?
To convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
122
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
123
What is the function of the cell wall?
Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane
124
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modify, sort, and package proteins
125
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
126
What is the function of a lysosome?
Breaks down certain materials in the cell
127
What is the function of flagella?
A threadlike structure that allows the movement of bacteria
128
What is the function of cilia?
Produces movement in many cells
129
What is the function of the central vacuole?
Stores materials such as water, proteins, salts, and carbohydrates
130
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
131
What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes do not have a nuclei but eukaryotes do
132
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
133
What is cell specialization and why is it needed?
Separate role for each type of cell in multicellular organisms; different organs perform different functions
134
What three organelles are in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Chloroplasts, cell walls, central vacuoles
135
What is diffusion and why does it occur?
Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area of less concentration
136
What cell size is more efficient?
Small
137
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
G1, S phase, G2, Mphase
138
What happens during G1?
Synthesize new proteins and organelles
139
What happens during S phase?
Chromosomes are replicated
140
What happens during G2?
Organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.
141
What happens during M phase?
The cell divides
142
What are the steps of mitosis?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
143
What is cancer?
Disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
144
What is the structure of a chromosome?
Sister chromatids and centromere
145
What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?
Deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogen base
146
What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?
Ribose, phosphate, nitrogen base
147
After DNA replication, what are the double helixes composed of?
One original strand and one new strand
148
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA is single stranded, has uracil instead of thymine, and contains ribose.
DNA is double stranded, has thymine instead of uracil, and contains deoxyribose.
149
What is the function of mRNA?
Carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
150
What is the function of rRNA?
Makes up the major part of ribosomes
151
What is the function of tRNA?
Transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
152
What happens during the process of transcription?
Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
153
What happens during the process of translation?
Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
154
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
6CO2 + C6H12O6 -> 6O2 + 6H2O
155
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6O2 + 6H2O -> 6CO2 + C6H12O6
156
What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
Glucose
157
Why does fermentation occur instead of respiration?
Fermentation is the process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen.
158
What is lactic acid and what does it cause?
It is a build up of acid that causes muscle soreness
159
What do the terms aerobic and anaerobic refer to?
Respiration; whether or not oxygen is required for respiration
160
During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose can be converted into how many ATP molecules?
Two
161
What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
Chlorophyll
162
What organelle does cellular respiration occur in?
Mitochondria
163
What organisms do photosynthesis?
Plants
164
What organisms do cellular respiration?
Animals
165
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered opposites?
They both use one another's reactants as products.
166
What is the definition of a hybrid?
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
167
Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover?
Mendel
168
What is a Punnett square and what does it help determine?
Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
169
What is the difference between an organism's diploid and haploid number?
A diploid number is the original chromosomal number while the haploid is only half of the original.
170
What is crossing over and when does it occur?
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
171
Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?
It provides different variety of chromosomes.
