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Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of a protist?

A

A single celled organism

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2
Q

What are common protists and what diseases do they cause?

A

Protozoans, eukaryotic algae, and slime molds. Protozoa can cause malaria

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3
Q

How are protists classified?

A

They are classified in the kingdom Protista

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4
Q

Plantlike protists must contain what to be able to carry out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

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5
Q

How do funguslike protists get their energy?

A

They hunt other microorganisms

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6
Q

How are animallike protists classified?

A

Protozoa

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7
Q

What is the definition of a fungus?

A

Eukaryotic single-celled or multinucleate organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the organic material in which they grow

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8
Q

Fungi living in the vaginal canal are in constant competition with what other microorganisms?

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

How do most fungi feed? What are other ways that some fungi feed?

A

Most decompose organic decaying matter, while some perform photosynthesis

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10
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Sexually (less common) and asexually (most common)

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11
Q

What is the function of hyphae?

A

A tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or water mold

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12
Q

What is the function of mycelium?

A

To absorb food and water

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13
Q

What is the function of stolon?

A

To produce new plants

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14
Q

What is the function of a rhizoid?

A

To anchor the fungus, release digestive enzymes, and absorb digested material

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15
Q

What are lichens and what types of environments can they survive in?

A

A symbiotic union of fungus and algae, and they can live in habitable environments

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16
Q

What is the most important role of fungi in our environment?

A

The decomposition of organic compounds

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17
Q

When yeast ferments, what gas is it putting off to allow the bread to rise?

A

Carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What are the common fungi and what diseases do they cause?

A

Edible mushrooms and they cause sporotrichosis

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19
Q

What are fungi cell walls composed of?

A

Chitin

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20
Q

What is the definition of a plant?

A

Multicellular organisms that typically produce their own food using photosynthesis

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21
Q

What are the major functions of stems in plants?

A

To support the plant

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22
Q

What is the main function of the cuticle?

A

To cover and protect the leaves

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23
Q

What is the main function of the epidermis?

A

To cover and protect the plant

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24
Q

What is the main function of the mesophyll?

A

The chlorophyll containing interior parts of a leaf

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25
Q

What is the main function of the xylem?

A

To provide support and conduct water and nutrients upward from the roots

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26
Q

What is the main function of the phloem?

A

To provide support and conduct energy and nutrients down from the leaves

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27
Q

What is the main function of the guard cells?

A

To open and close the stoma

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28
Q

What is the main function of the stomata?

A

To perform gas exchange

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29
Q

What are the differences between the two categories of angiosperoms (monocot/dicot)?

A

Monocots have a single cotyledon, parallel veins, floral parts in multiples of three, vascular bundles scattered, and fiberous roots. Dictos have two cotyledon, branched veins, floral parts in muliples of four or five, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, and taproots

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30
Q

What does the seed contain?

A

An embryo or rudimentary plant

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31
Q

What are the major functions of the leaves?

A

To perform photosynthesis

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32
Q

What are the three tropisms and what cause them to occur?

A

Phototropism : response to light
Geotropism : response to gravity
Hydrotropism : response to water

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33
Q

What is the function of the petal?

A

Attract insects and other pollinators to the flower

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34
Q

What is the function of the carpel/pistil?

A

Seed bearing female organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, style, and stigma

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35
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

Sticky portion where pollen grains land

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36
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

Stalk from the carpel

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37
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Produce ovules

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38
Q

What is the function of the ovule?

A

Once fertilized, to become a seed

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39
Q

What is the function of the stamen?

A

The male organ of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament

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40
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

To support the anther

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41
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

To produce pollen grains

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42
Q

What is the function of the sepal?

A

To enclose the bud before it opens, and to protect the flower while it’s developing

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43
Q

What are the ways that seeds can be dispersed?

A

Wind, water, and consumption

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44
Q

How does fruit help with seed dispersal?

A

Animals eat the fruit, the seeds do not get digested, and pass through the animal without the fruit

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45
Q

The term “vascular tissue” refers to what?

A

Xylem and phloem

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46
Q

Moving to land required plants to develop what types of adaptations?

A

Vascular tissue, cuticle, and seeds and pollen

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47
Q

What are plant cell walls composed of?

A

Cellulose

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48
Q

What is fruit?

A

The edible product of a plant that contains seeds

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49
Q

What is the definition of an animal?

A

A living organism that feeds on organic matter and is able to respond rapidly to stimuli

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50
Q

What does cephalization refer to, and in what types of symmetry would it be found?

A

It refers to the development of a head and brain, and it can be found in bilateral symmetry

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51
Q

What is the difference between an open/closed circulatory system?

A

In a closed circulatory system, blood is pumped by a heart through blood vessels, but in an open circulatory system, blood is pumped by a heart into body cavities

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52
Q

Would animals with simple nervous systems be able to exhibit complex behaviors?

A

Yes

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53
Q

What are the three types of symmetry? Examples?

A

Radial : jellyfish
Bilateral : humans
Asymmetric : sponges

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54
Q

What is the difference between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton?

A

An endoskeleton is on the inside of an organism, while exoskeleton is on the outside of an organism

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55
Q

What is the difference between an invertebrate and a vertebrate?

A

Invertebrates do not have a back bone or spinal column while vertebrates do

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56
Q

The Chordate phylum is very special because it requires what four characteristics?

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail during at least part of development

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57
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?

A

Epithelium, connective, muscular, and nerve

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58
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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59
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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60
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Return lost fluids back into the circulatory system

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61
Q

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

A

Controls and coordinates functions and responds to internal and external stimuli

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62
Q

What are the major functions of the excretory system?

A

Filter and remove wastes

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63
Q

What are the major functions of the reproductive system?

A

Produce and deliver gametes

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64
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A

Provide oxygen for cellular respiration and remove carbon dioxide and water

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65
Q

What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

A

Provides support for the body, movement, and produces blood cells

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66
Q

What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

A

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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67
Q

What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

A

Regulates body temperature, serves as a protective organ and sense organ

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68
Q

What are the major functions of the circulatory system?

A

Deliver oxygen and take carbon dioxide for cellular respiration

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69
Q

Sweating, urination, and respiration are all related because they allow the body to rid itself of what excess?

A

Wastes

70
Q

What are the monomers and functions of proteins?

A

Monomers: amino acids
Function: build muscle

71
Q

What are the monomers and functions of carbohydrates?

A

Monomers: simple sugars
Function: provide energy

72
Q

What are the monomers and functions of nucleic acids?

A

Monomers: nucleotide
Function: store hereditary information

73
Q

What are the monomers and functions of lipids?

A

Monomers: fatty acids, glycerol
Function: provide energy

74
Q

What macromolecule is our main source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

75
Q

Who is the father of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

76
Q

What islands did Charles Darwin explore and gain the majority of his information from?

A

The Galapagos Islands

77
Q

What were the main ideas that Darwin proposed?

A

Evolution and fitness

78
Q

What was Darwin’s work titled, and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?

A

On the Origin of Species -

79
Q

What does the term “survival of the fittest” mean?

A

Those with less favorable traits are less likely to survive

80
Q

What does the term “natural selection” mean?

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

81
Q

What people influenced Darwin?

A

James Hutton, Lamark, Charles Lyell, Malthus

82
Q

What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?

A

Fossil record, anatomy of organisms, embryos, DNA and RNA sequences, natural selection, and mutation

83
Q

What does the term “fitness” mean?

A

Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment

84
Q

What is a vestigial structure?

A

Any body structure that is reduced or has no function in a living organism but may have at one time by ancestors

85
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

Almost same structure of a body part but with different functions

86
Q

What is an analogous structure?

A

Body parts of different organisms that have the same function but different structure

87
Q

Who was Carlos Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science?

A

Linnaus’s System of Classification

88
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Classification of living things, giving it two names

89
Q

What is the order of classification?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

90
Q

What are the two major categories of cells and how do you determine the difference between them?

A

Eukaryotes have nuclei, prokaryotes do not

91
Q

What are the two major categories of bacteria and how do you know the difference between them?

A

Archaebacteria: live in extreme environments
Eubacteria: are heterotrophs, autotrophs, or chemosynthetic autotrophs

92
Q

What are the three shapes that bacteria are classified?

A

Spirillum, bacillus, and coccus

93
Q

How are bacteria helpful/harmful?

A

Helpful: break down food
Harmful: cause diseases

94
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

Protein coat and nucleic core

95
Q

What is a vaccine and what does it do?

A

A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases.

96
Q

What does a Gram staining test show?

A

It shows if the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides is there to prevent the stain from reaching the peptidoglycan layer

97
Q

What are antibiotics and what do they do?

A

A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

98
Q

What are common bacteria diseases?

A

Lyme disease and Gonorrhea

99
Q

What are common viral diseases?

A

Cold or flu

100
Q

What is a producer?

A

An organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds

101
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds

102
Q

What is a consumer?

A

An organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply

103
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes

104
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

An organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

105
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

An organism that obtains energy by eating only plants

106
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

An organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals

107
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

An organism that obtains energy by eating animals

108
Q

What is a scavenger?

A

An animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.

109
Q

What is a detrivore?

A

An organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

110
Q

What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go?

A

The 10% rule is used in the movement of energy; only 10% of the energy is obtained. The other 90% is lost as heat.

111
Q

What is nitrogen fixation, what organism does it, and why is it important?

A

Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which is an important nutrient to plants

112
Q

Energy in the living environment flows in how many directions?

A

One

113
Q

Nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, water) in the living environment flow in how many directions?

A

One

114
Q

A valid hypothesis must be _________.

A

tested

115
Q

A valid hypothesis is based on what?

A

Evidence

116
Q

How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?

A

One

117
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A 
Made of cells
Obtain and use energy
Grow and develop
Reproduce
Respond to the environment
118
Q

Biology is the study of?

A

Life

119
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and coded instructions

120
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

To assembled on ribosome

121
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria?

A

To convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

122
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

123
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane

124
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modify, sort, and package proteins

125
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified

126
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Breaks down certain materials in the cell

127
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

A threadlike structure that allows the movement of bacteria

128
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Produces movement in many cells

129
Q

What is the function of the central vacuole?

A

Stores materials such as water, proteins, salts, and carbohydrates

130
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

131
Q

What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes do not have a nuclei but eukaryotes do

132
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

133
Q

What is cell specialization and why is it needed?

A

Separate role for each type of cell in multicellular organisms; different organs perform different functions

134
Q

What three organelles are in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A

Chloroplasts, cell walls, central vacuoles

135
Q

What is diffusion and why does it occur?

A

Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area of less concentration

136
Q

What cell size is more efficient?

A

Small

137
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S phase, G2, Mphase

138
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Synthesize new proteins and organelles

139
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Chromosomes are replicated

140
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

141
Q

What happens during M phase?

A

The cell divides

142
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

143
Q

What is cancer?

A

Disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth

144
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A

Sister chromatids and centromere

145
Q

What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogen base

146
Q

What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?

A

Ribose, phosphate, nitrogen base

147
Q

After DNA replication, what are the double helixes composed of?

A

One original strand and one new strand

148
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA is single stranded, has uracil instead of thymine, and contains ribose.
DNA is double stranded, has thymine instead of uracil, and contains deoxyribose.

149
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

Carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

150
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

Makes up the major part of ribosomes

151
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

152
Q

What happens during the process of transcription?

A

Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

153
Q

What happens during the process of translation?

A

Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

154
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

6CO2 + C6H12O6 -> 6O2 + 6H2O

155
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6O2 + 6H2O -> 6CO2 + C6H12O6

156
Q

What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

A

Glucose

157
Q

Why does fermentation occur instead of respiration?

A

Fermentation is the process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen.

158
Q

What is lactic acid and what does it cause?

A

It is a build up of acid that causes muscle soreness

159
Q

What do the terms aerobic and anaerobic refer to?

A

Respiration; whether or not oxygen is required for respiration

160
Q

During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose can be converted into how many ATP molecules?

A

Two

161
Q

What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

A

Chlorophyll

162
Q

What organelle does cellular respiration occur in?

A

Mitochondria

163
Q

What organisms do photosynthesis?

A

Plants

164
Q

What organisms do cellular respiration?

A

Animals

165
Q

Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered opposites?

A

They both use one another’s reactants as products.

166
Q

What is the definition of a hybrid?

A

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

167
Q

Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover?

A

Mendel

168
Q

What is a Punnett square and what does it help determine?

A

Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross

169
Q

What is the difference between an organism’s diploid and haploid number?

A

A diploid number is the original chromosomal number while the haploid is only half of the original.

170
Q

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

A

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

171
Q

Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?

A

It provides different variety of chromosomes.

Biology (21 decks)

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