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Biology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How would Down’s syndrome be detected on a karyotype?

A

47, +21, XY or XX

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1
Q

How many chromosomes are in a normal human karyotype?

A

46

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2
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence

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3
Q

What is a chromosomal mutation?

A

A change in the chromosomes

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4
Q

What is produced during transcription?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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5
Q

What is produced during translation?

A

Protein

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6
Q

What is the base pair rule in DNA?

A

Adenine pairs with thymine

Guanine pairs with cytosine

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7
Q

Genes contain instructions for assembling what?

A

Protein

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8
Q

What can a karyotype show?

A

It shows chromosome pairs that represent traits

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9
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a male?

A

XY

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10
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a female?

A

XX

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11
Q

What sex chromosomes does a father give to his child?

A

A father gives an X to a daughter and a Y to a son

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12
Q

What sex chromosomes does a mother give to her child?

A

A mother gives an X to a daughter or a son

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13
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The code for a trait

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14
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A visible trait

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15
Q

Where are most sex linked genes located?

A

X chromosome

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16
Q

Why is colorblindness more common in males than in females?

A

Usually, the male receives the affected X from his mom

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17
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting and what is it based on?

A

It’s gel electrophoresis and it is based on different sized strands of DNA

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18
Q

What are restriction enzymes and what do they do?

A

They are enzymes that cut DNA into strands or sections

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19
Q

What is gel electrophoresis and what can it be used to determine?

A

It is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge

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20
Q

What are the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA and RNA have adenine, guanine, and cytosine and they carry a code
RNA has one strand and uracil
DNA has two strands and thymine

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21
Q

What are co-dominant traits?

A

Two traits show up but are distinctly different

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22
Q

What are incomplete dominant traits?

A

Two traits that don’t completely dominate one another (pink flowers)

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23
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Traits that are controlled by two or more genes

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24
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and recessive allele?

A

Dominant alleles show up and recessive alleles rarely show up

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25
Q

What is a haploid

A

A half-set of chromosomes

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26
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A set of chromosomes

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27
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Humans breed animals and plants for particular traits so they show up more frequently in the offspring

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28
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A family tree that can be used to track traits

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29
Q

What is homozygous dominant?

A

Two capital letters

Ex. BB

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30
Q

What is homozygous recessive?

A

Two lowercase letters

Ex. bb

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31
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

A capital letter and a lowercase letter

Ex. Bb

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32
Q

What place influenced Charles Darwin the most?

A

The Galápagos Islands

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33
Q

What did Darwin observe on the Galápagos Islands?

A

Diversity of species and evolution of species

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34
Q

What trait did Darwin notice about the giant land tortoises?

A

Their necks varied in length

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35
Q

What trait did Darwin notice about the finches?

A

Their beaks were different sizes

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36
Q

What is the survival of the fittest?

A

Those that carry the favorites traits survive to reproduce

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37
Q

What does fitness mean?

A

Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment

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38
Q

What is inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Offspring cannot inherit acquired traits

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39
Q

What book did Darwin write?

A

On the Origin of Species

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40
Q

What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?

A

In natural selection, nature decides the trait passed on. In artificial selection, humans decide the trait passed on

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41
Q

What is the three word definition for evolution?

A

Change over time

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42
Q

What is the gene pool?

A

Combined genetic information for all members of a particular population

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43
Q

What are the two main sources of genetic variation?

A

Sexual reproduction and mutations

44
Q

What is the advantage of a polygenic trait over a single gene trait?

A

Polygenic traits have multiple factors that control the trait

45
Q

What is the difference between common names and scientific names?

A

Common names vary around the world while scientific names stay the same regardless

46
Q

Why did scientists come up with scientific names?

A

To be able to communicate easily

47
Q

Know how to write scientific names. What font? What is capitalized and what is lower case?

A

The first letter of the genus is capitalized while everything else is lower case. It is written italicized or underlined.

48
Q

What is the first word of a scientific name?

A

Genus

49
Q

What is the second word of a scientific name?

A

Species

50
Q

What do fossils show?

A

Evolution

51
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Almost same structure of a body part but with different functions

52
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Body parts of different organisms that have the same function but different structure

53
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Any body structure that is reduced or has no function in a living organism but may have at one time by ancestors

54
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Either two extremes are favored (big beak or small beak)

55
Q

What is directional selection?

A

An extreme form of a trait is favored (faster horses are bred more often)

56
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Average individuals in a population are favored (the first generation)

57
Q

A hypothesis is useful only if _____

A

It can be tested

58
Q

How many variables are tested in an experiment?

A

Only one at a time

59
Q

What kingdoms contain organisms with cell walls?

A

Plantae

60
Q

Why does diffusion occur?

A

Particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. Particles aim for equilibrium

61
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Equilibrium of an organism’s internal environment that maintains conditions suitable for life

62
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the rate at which you digest food

63
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

64
Q

What are the main functions of proteins?

A

To build muscles

65
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol (fatty acids)

66
Q

What are the main functions of lipids?

A

Secondary energy source

67
Q

What are monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars

68
Q

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

A

Main energy source

69
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

70
Q

What are the main functions of nucleic acids?

A

Stores hereditary information

71
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

Atom ➡️ molecule ➡️ cell ➡️ tissue ➡️ organ ➡️ organ system ➡️ organism ➡️ population ➡️ community ➡️ ecosystem ➡️ biosphere

72
Q

What is the ATP molecule made of?

A

Adenine, ribose, three phosphate groups

73
Q

What are pigments?

A

Light absorbing structures

74
Q

What is the main pigment in most plants?

A

Chlorophyll

75
Q

What are the two major categories of cells?

A

Prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (humans and plants)

76
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

77
Q

In DNA, what determines the traits of an organism?

A

The genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific traits

78
Q

What are the components of the DNA molecule?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogen base

79
Q

What did Robert Hooke do?

A

Discovered cells

80
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek do?

A

Discovered bacteria

81
Q

What did Scheliden do?

A

Discovered plants were made of cells

82
Q

What did Schwann do?

A

Discovered animals were made of cells

83
Q

What did Virchow do?

A

Stated that all living things came from other living things

84
Q

What are the two steps to cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis - starting process is glucose, makes two ATP molecules; occurs in cytoplasm
Kreb’s Cycle - pyruvate is starting product, makes thirty four ATP molecules, occurs in electron transport chain

85
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

The pigments in the plant reflect green light

86
Q

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast

87
Q

In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

88
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic does not

89
Q

What causes your muscles to burn?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

90
Q

What is the difference in the products of mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis makes 2 diploid cells while meiosis makes 4 haploid cells

91
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three nucleotides that form a genetic code

92
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

Three nucleotides that correspond to a complimentary codon in the mRNA

93
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

It carries information to the ribosome

94
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Helps bond amino acids together

95
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Brigs amino acids for assembly

96
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When homologous chromosomes are so close they exchange genetic material

97
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

G1 (cell replicates itself), Synthesis (DNA replicates), G2 (finishes replication), mitosis (PMAT)

98
Q

What are the parts of a chromosome?

A

Sister chromatids and centromere

99
Q

What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer?

A

Monomer means single and simplest form, while polymer means more than one monomer

100
Q

What are centrioles and what is their role in mitosis and meiosis?

A

Centrioles separate the sister chromatids during cell division

101
Q

What are spindle fibers and what is their role in mitosis and meiosis?

A

They are protein fibers that pull the sister chromatids apart

102
Q

What is the process of DNA replication?

A

DNA unzips ➡️ complements are created ➡️ two new strands are formed

103
Q

What is produced during DNA replication?

A

Two strands of DNA

104
Q

What has to separate during DNA replication?

A

The base pairs separate

105
Q

Why must cells divide?

A

To grow bigger and repair damage

106
Q

What is cell specialization?

A

It’s a cell specifically made to make up one structure

107
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food

108
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs are organisms that have to find and eat their food

Biology (21 decks)

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