Unit 4A Flashcards
What is the most obvious problem of hyponatremia?
Cerebral changes
What is the most severe problem of hyperkalemia?
Cardiovascular changes
What assessment findings indicate that a patient may have hypervolemia?
Overdose of fluids
Fluid shifts that occur following burns
Severe stress
Hyperaldosteronism
Prolonged use of corticosteroids
Compromised regulatory systems
What are cardiovascular and respiratory changes in a patient with dehydration
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
What are cardiac changes seen in a patient with hypermagnesemia
Bradycardia
Peripheral vasodilation
Hypotension
What are causes of dehydration
Burns
NPO
Fever
Diuretics
DKA
Suction
Hemorrhage
What are causes of fluid overload?
Hypervolemia
Kidney failure
Heart failure
Water intoxication
What are cues of dehydration?
Increased HR
Hypotension
Flat veins
Increased RR
Confusion
Fever
Fissured tongue
Decreased output
What are cues of fluid overload
Bounding heart beat
Tachycardia
Edema
Crackles
Shallow respirations
Confusion
What are interventions for dehydration?
Oral rehydration solution (60-120mL/hr)
IV fluids
Medications
Safety - call light and move slowly
What are interventions for fluid overload?
Daily weight
Assess lung sounds every 2 hrs
Safety
Restrict Na+
Diuretics
What are normal ranges for potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium?
K+: 3.5-5
Na+: 135-145
Mag: 1.5-2.5
Cal: 8.5-10.5
What are causes of hyponatremia?
NPO
Diuretics
IV fluids
Burns
Diet
Water intoxication
What are cues of hyponatremia?
Weakness
Low Temp
Confusion
What is SALT for natremia?
Seizures
Abdominal pain
Low pressure
Tachycardia
What is DASH in relation to hypernatremia?
Dehydration
Agitation
Swollen
Hot/Flushed
What are causes of hypernatremia?
Kidney failure
Cushing syndrome
Diarrhea, diaphoresis, dehydration
What are interventions for natremia imbalances?
Increase or decrease fluids
Changes of Na+ in diet
Diuretics
What are causes of hypokalemia?
Diuretics
Diarrhea
NG suctioning
Alkalosis
What are causes of hyperkalemia?
Acidosis
Diet
K+ sparing medication
DKA
What are cues of hypokalemia?
U-waves
DTR reduced
Constipation
Cramps/Muscle weakness
What are cues of hyperkalemia?
T-waves
Twitching
Diarrhea
What are common cues of kalemia imbalances?
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Dysrhythmias
What are interventions for hypokalemia?
IV K+ - vessicant
What are interventions for hyperkalemia?
Insulin or dextrose
Dietary teaching
Give Lasix
Why is magnesium needed?
To absorb calcium and vitamin D
What are causes of hypomanesemia?
malnutrition
diuretics
suctioning
What are causes of hypermagnesemia
Kidney failure
Antacids
What are cues of hypomagnesemia?
Trousseau’s sign
Ckvostek’s sign
Twitchy/Tetany
Sensory changes
What are cues of hypermagnesemia?
Flushed/hot
Hypotension
Muscle weakness
Respiratory depression
What are causes of hypocalcemia?
Malabsorption
Diarrhea
Thyroid surgery
What are causes of hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism
Thiazide diuretics
What are cues of hypocalcemia?
Weak bones
Non-clotting blood
Weak and thready heart beats
Diarrhea
Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s sign
Paresthesia
Twitching
What are cues of hypercalcemia?
consitpation
Bone pain
Blood clots
BP and HR increase –> dysrhythmias
Decreased reflexes
Weakness
Confusion
What should be priority 1 with any fluid/electrolyte imbalance?
Safety!!
