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SHHS - Science - AQA Biology Trilogy > Unit 4.3 Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Unit 4.3 Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do scientists peer review each others work?

A

To rigorously check each others work.

This makes results more valid.

Helps to prevent false claims.

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2
Q

Why are drugs first tested on healthy volunteers during clinical trials?

A

To check that the drug is safe

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3
Q

Give examples of diseases caused by protists (parasites).

A

Malaria

Giardia

Lung Worm

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4
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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5
Q

Do antibiotics kill pathogens? Which type?

A

Yes

ONLY bacteria

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6
Q

Explain how overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance in a population of bacteria.

A

Random Mutations cause Variation in a population of bacteria e.g. some are antibiotic resistant.

Antibiotic resistant bateria have an Advantage

Those bacteria Survive and Reproduce and pass on Genes.

Future generations will be antibiotic resistant.

(Red Monkeys Viciously Attack Smelly Red Gorrilas)

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7
Q

Give examples of viral diseases.

A

Measles

Mumps

Rubella

Influenza

Ebola

Polio

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8
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Droplets - coughs/sneezes.

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9
Q

If the body is infected by pathgoens _________ will react.

A

white blood cells

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10
Q

Give examples of human diseases caused by fungi.

A

Athlete’s foot

Thrush

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11
Q

Why do vaccines only protect against one specific pathogen?

A

Antibodies are specific

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12
Q

True or false - bacteria are the same size as animal cells.

A

False - they are about 100 times smaller.

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13
Q

What is herd immunity and how does it work?

A

Where 95% of the population is vaccinated against a disease.

This prevents disease spreading as fewer people are able to pass it on.

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14
Q

What is the vector for the protist that causes malaria in humans?

A

Mosquitoes

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15
Q

What are the complications of measles?

A

Pneumonia (chest infection)

Encephalitis (brain infection)

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16
Q

How do bacteria make us feel unwell?

A
  1. They produce toxins.
  2. They damage cells.
  3. They reproduce rapidly.
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17
Q

How does salmonella spread?

A

Contaminated food (undercooked chicken/eggs)

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18
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence against pathogen infection? (CHASM)

A

Cilia - waft pathogen out of lungs

Hairs - in nose trap pathogens

Acid - in stomach kills pathogens

Skin - acts as a barrier

Mucus - in lungs traps pathogens

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19
Q

How can we reduce the spread of disease?

A
  1. Be hygeinic
  2. Destroy vectors
  3. Isolate infected individuals.
  4. Vaccinate people.
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20
Q

Give examples of bacterial diseases

A

Tonsilitis

Plague

Tuberculosis (TB)

Salmonella

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21
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

Use of fungicides.

Remove and destroy infected leaves.

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22
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

Alexander Fleming noticed a clear zone around fungi that was growing on an agar plate that he was using to grow bacteria on.

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23
Q

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

Fungus

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24
Q

Late stage HIV is called…

A

AIDs

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever

Stomach cramps

Vomitting

Diarrhoea

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26
Q

Gonorrhoea is caused by which type of pathogen?

A

Bacteria.

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27
Q

How do fungi cause disease?

A

They produce thread-like hyphae.

Hyphae grow and penetrate skin/plant tissues causing disease.

Hyphae produce spores which can spread to other plants.

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28
Q

Identify the 3 stages of drug testing

A
  1. Human cell and tissue testing (pre-clinical)
  2. Animal testing (pre-clinical)
  3. Clinical trials (human testing)
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29
Q

How do viruses make us feel unwell?

A
  1. They replicate rapidly inside cells (take over cellular machinary)
  2. They eventually burst out of cells damaging them.
  3. Sometimes they produce toxins.
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30
Q

Do painkillers kill pathogens?

A

No they just relieve symptoms until the immune system kills them

31
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Repeated bouts of fever

Death

32
Q

Why are drugs tested on human volunteers?

A

To check for side effects

To check for optimum dosage

To check efficacy (does it work)

33
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can easily spread.

34
Q

Some protists can be referred to as p________

A

parasites.

35
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

No - they are non-living particles with a regular shape.

36
Q

Why do we test drugs on live animals?

A

To check for toxicity

To check efficacy (does the drug work)

To identify the optimum dosage

37
Q

What sort of drug cannot be tested on human cells and tissues?

A

Drugs that affect body systems e.g. blood pressure drugs require a full circulatory system not just cells so must be tested on animals.

38
Q

Malaria is caused by a protist called…

A

Plasmodium falciparum

39
Q

How can diseases spread?

A

Droplets

Animals

Food

Touch

(DAFT)

+ dirty water.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

Pruple/black spots on leaves.

Leaves can turn yellow and drop off.

Less photosynthesis.

Less growth.

41
Q

True or false - only animals are infected by pathogens.

A

False - plants can be too.

42
Q

How can we prevent malaria spreading?

A

Kill the vector - mosquito insecticide.

Stop mosquitoes breeding.

Anti-malarial medication.

Moquito nets

43
Q

Identify the 4 groups of pathogens.

A

Virus

Bacteria

Fungi

Protists

44
Q

How is HIV (virus) spread?

A

Touch - unprotected sexual contact

Exchanging bodily fluids such as blood e.g. sharing needles.

45
Q

Why do antibiotics not kill viruses?

A

Viruses live inside cells.

Cells would have to be damaged ot destroy the virus.

46
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell whose genetic material is stored in a nucleus.

A cell containing membrane bound organelles e.g. mitochondria.

47
Q

Explain how immunisation (vaccination) leads to protection against pathogens.

A

Injection of dead/weak pathogen.

White blood cells identify foreign antigens

White blood cells produce antibodies

Antibodies kill pathogen

If reinfeciton occurs white blood cells remember how to rapidly produce antibodies.

48
Q

The unique proteins on the surface of all pathogens are called…

A

antigens

49
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes infectious disease.

50
Q

Describe the features of a parasite

A

They live on or inside organisms.

They take nutrients from their host.

They cause damage to their host.

They are often transferred to their host via a vector, which does not get the disease itself.

51
Q

How can gonorrhoea be treated?

A

Antibiotics.

52
Q

What are the early symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu like symptoms but then the person does not experience symptoms for years.

Eventually the immune system is damaged.

53
Q

Tobocca Mosaic Virus (TMV) cause what symptoms?

A

Discoloroued ‘mosaic’ pattern on leaves.

Discolouraiton means less photosynthesis.

Less photosynthesis means less growth.

54
Q

Digitalis is a drug used to treat…

A

heart conditions.

55
Q

Give an exmaple of an antibiotic resistant bacterium.

A

MRSA

Super Gonorrhoae

56
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoae?

A

Pain when urinating

Thick yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina.

57
Q

What type of cell is a protist?

A

A eukaryotic cell.

58
Q

What has caused the development of antibitoic resistance?

A

Doctors over prescribing antibiotics

Farmers using antibiotics on animals

People not finishing the course of antibiotics.

59
Q

The white blood cells that produce antibodies are sometimes called…

A

B-lymphocytes

60
Q

What are the PROs of getting vaccinated?

A

Prevents disease spreading

Prevents epidemics

Eradicate diseases.

61
Q

What are the CONs of vaccination?

A

They don’t always work.

You can have bad reacitons/side effects.

62
Q

What does British law state with regard to testing drugs on animals?

A

All drugs must be tested on at least 2 mammals.

63
Q

How can gonorrhoea be prevented from spreading?

A

Barrier contraception i.e. condoms.

64
Q

What is meant by the optimum doase of a drug?

A

The dose at which it works best with the least side effects.

65
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Red rash

Fever

66
Q

Aspirin comes form which plant?

A

Willow tree bark

67
Q

How do white blood cells protect us from pathogens?

A

Engulf to kill (Phagocytosis)

Produce antibodies to kill

Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins.

68
Q

The drug digitalis comes from which plant?

A

Foxglove

69
Q

Describe what happens during a clinical trial.

A
  1. Volunteers randomly put into 2 groups.
  2. One group given drug other group given a dummy drug (placebo)
  3. Neither volunteers or Doctors know who has been given the real drug.
  4. This is called a double blind trial.
  5. This prevents the Drs and volunteers from subconciously affecting the results.
  6. If group given real drug gets better then results be peer reveiwed by other scientists.
70
Q

How is the spread of salmonella reduced?

A

Chickens are vaccinated against the disease.

71
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

A dead/weak/attenuated pathogen

72
Q

Why do we test on human cells and tissues?

A

To check toxicity

To check efficacy

73
Q

What is a ‘superbug’?

A

An antibiotic resistant bacterium

SHHS - Science - AQA Biology Trilogy (37 decks)

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