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SHHS - Science - AQA Biology Trilogy > 4.5 Hormonal control: TRIPLE water and nitrogen balance > Flashcards

4.5 Hormonal control: TRIPLE water and nitrogen balance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the kidneys function?

A

To filter the blood

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2
Q

How do the kidneys produce urine?

A

They filter waste products out of the blood that flows through the kidneys

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3
Q

Kidneys filter waste products out of the blood that flows through them. What is this stage called?

A

Filtration

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4
Q

Which substances are absorbed back into the blood after being filtered out during kidney filtration?

A

Glucose, some ions, water needed by the body.

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5
Q

Substances are absorbed back into the blood after being filtered out during kidney filtration, what is this process called?

A

Selective reabsorption

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6
Q

What three substances are removed from the body in the urine?

A

Urea, Ions, Water

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7
Q

What is deamination? Where does it happen?

A

When proteins and amino acids cannot be stored by the body they are converted into fats and carbohydrate which can be stored. This occurs in the liver

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8
Q

What is the waste product of deamination?

A

Ammonia

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9
Q

Why is Ammonia converted into urea?

A

Ammonia is toxic, so the liver converts it into urea

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10
Q

What happens to the urea produced by the liver in the breakdown of excess amino acids and proteins?

A

Urea is transported to the kidneys in the blood, and filtered out into the urine

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11
Q

How do ions get into the blood?

A

Taken in with food and drink and absorbed through the walls of the small intestine

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12
Q

Which two ions are in table salt?

A

sodium and chlorine

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13
Q

Why is maintaining the blood ion concentration important?

A

If the blood ion concentration changes which will affect the water balance of cells, which can damage cells

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14
Q

If the ion content of the blood is too high what will be the osmotic effect?

A

Water will leave cells due to osmosis

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15
Q

If the ion content of the blood is too low what will be the osmotic effect?

A

Water will enter cells due to osmosis

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16
Q

What are the two main ways that ions lost from the body?

A

Urine and sweat

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17
Q

What are the three methods by which water is lost from the body of organisms?

A

Urine, sweat, and lungs during exhaling

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18
Q

How is water added to the body?

A

Food and water, also a product of respiration

19
Q

Which hormone controls water levels in the body?

A

ADH

20
Q

Which gland produces ADH? where is this gland?

A

Pituitary gland in the brain

21
Q

Why is ‘water levels in blood’ an example of negative feedback?

A

A change in water levels brings about a response to restore water levels back to normal

22
Q

How does the ADH move from the brain to the kidneys?

A

In the bloodstream

23
Q

What happens if the brain detects that the level of water in the blood is too high?

A

The pituitary gland produces less ADH, so less water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules and more water is removed from the body in the urine

24
Q

What happens if the brain detects that the level of water in the blood is too low?

A

The pituitary gland produces more ADH, so more water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules and less water is removed from the body in the urine

25
Q

Someone with kidney failure has two options. what are they?

A

Dialysis or transplant

26
Q

If the kidneys do not work properly what happens?

A

Waste substances are not filtered out of the blood, and build up in the body. This can be fatal.

27
Q

What device does a person suffering from kidney failure have to be connected to several times per week?

A

Dialysis machine

28
Q

What does a Dialysis machine to, in simple terms?

A

Keep dissolved substances at a normal level and remove waste products, just as the kidneys would have done if they worked.

29
Q

In a dialysis machine what does water and dissolved substances move through?

A

Partially permeable membrane

30
Q

By what process does water pass through the partially permeable membrane in the dialysis machine?

A

Osmosis

31
Q

By what process do dissolved substances pass through the partially permeable membrane in the dialysis machine?

A

Diffusion

32
Q

Which big molecules cannot pass through the partially permeable membrane in a dialysis machine?

A

Proteins

33
Q

The dialysis machine fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as what?

A

Blood

34
Q

Why does the dialysis machine have the same concentration of glucose and dissolved ions as the blood?

A

So that ions and glucose are not lost due to diffusion during dialysis treatment

35
Q

What substances are filtered out of the blood during dialysis?

A

Urea, excess ions and excess water

36
Q

How many times per week does a patient with kidney failure need to have dialysis, and how long is each session?

A

3 times per week, 3-4 hours per session

37
Q

What are the possible damaging side effects of dialysis treatment?

A

blood clots and infections

38
Q

What are the practical drawbacks of dialysis?

A

It is expensive (for the NHS) and unpleasant

39
Q

What would be the long term aim of a patient receiving dialysis treatment?

A

To have a kidney transplanted from a donor

40
Q

Are kidney transplants a possible cure for kidney failure?

A

Yes

41
Q

Are kidney transplants a definite cure for kidney failure? what can go wrong?

A
  • The donated kidney can be rejected by the patients immune system
42
Q

What is a transplant patient given to reduce the chance of the bodies immune system rejecting the now organ?

A

Drugs to suppress the immune system

43
Q

Why is it not possible for all kidney failure patients receive a donated kidney?

A

There is a long waiting list for donated kidneys, and not enough organs are donated for everyone to have one.

44
Q

Where do donated kidneys come from?

A

From a living person who had donated one of their two kidneys, or from someone who has died and carries an organ donor card/is on the organ donor register

SHHS - Science - AQA Biology Trilogy (37 decks)

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