Unit 4.2 The heart, blood vessels and blood Flashcards
Where in the body are the lungs located?
top part of body -thorax
Name the sheet of muscle that lies underneath the lungs in the respiratory system
diaphragm
What structure makes up the lungs?
alveoli
Name the organs that the air flows through in the respiratory system
mouth - wind pipe - bronchus - bronchioles - alveoli
The trachea branches into …
bronchus
The bronchus branch into
bronchioles
The bronchioles end in the …
alveoli
Another name for the windpipe is
tranchea
Which structure inside the respiratory system carries out gas exchange?
alveoli
The blood arriving at the alveoli contains a high concentration of which gas?
carbon dioxide
The blood arriving at the alveoli contains a low concentration of which gas?
oxygen
Blood leaving the alveoli contains a high concentration of which gas?
oxygen
Blood leaving the alveoli contains a low concentration of which gas?
carbon dioxide
Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary artery
What type of blood is carried in the pulmonary artery?
deoxygenated
Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary vein
How many chambers are there in the heart?
4
Name the top two chambers in the heart
atria (pl) atrium (singular)
Name the bottom two chambers of the heart
ventricles
which side of the heart pumps to the body?
left
which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
right
Which side of the heart has a thicker muscle?
left
The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall, why is this necessary?
pumps blood at greater distance (all over body) thicker muscles generates a stronger force of contraction
When gases are exchanged in the lungs how to the gases move (by what process?)
diffusion - from a high to a low concentration
What is meant by a double circulatory system?
2 circuits joined together - body and lungs
The main artery in the heart that carries blood away from the heart and to the body is called?
aorta
The main vein in the heart taking IN blood that has been around the body
vena cava
The vena cava contains deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?
deoxygenated blood
The heart is an o…
organ
The walls of the heart are made mainly of
muscle tissue
The function of valves in the heart is to
prevent blood flowing backwards
When the atria contract where does the blood flow to?
into the ventricles
When the ventricles contract where does the blood flow to?
out of the heart into either the aorta or pulmonary artery
The heart has its own supply of oxygenated blood which blood vessels supply this?
coronary arteries
The resting heart rate is controlled by?
a group of cells in the right atrium
The cells which control the heart rate act as a p..
pacemaker
If a persons natural pacemaker in the heart doesn’t work what is used instead?
an artificial pacemaker
Arteries carry blood…
Away from the heart
Veins carry blood…
INto the heart
Capillaries are described as…
exchange surfaces - connect arteries and veins
What is the pressure like in an artery?
high
What types of tissues do you find in an artery?
lots of muscle and elastic
The artery wall is very weak - true or false?
false - its very strong
The size of the lumen in an artery is…
small
The elastic tissue in the artery is helpful because?
it allows the artery to stretch and spring back
Which is the smallest blood vessel?
capillaries - 1 cell thick
Special features of capillaries include…
- one cell thick 2. permeable walls 3. carry blood close to every cell
How much muscle and elastic do you find in a vein
very little - large lumen
Which blood vessel contains valves?
veins
Blood pressure in a vein is high or low?
very low
blood vessels are described as organs why?
made up of more than 1 type of tissue
Blood is composed of which cells?
red blood cells white blood cells platlets
Blood cells in blood are suspended in what liquid?
plasma
Job of a red blood cell?
carry oxygen around the body from lungs
The shape of a red blood cell is?
biconcave (dents on both sides)
Why is the shape of the red blood cells a good adaptation?
provides a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
The red blood cell is packed full of what chemical?
haemoglobin
What do red blood cells not have that all other cells do have?
nucleus - more room for haemoglobin
When in the lungs the RBC picks up oxygen what does the haemoglobin become?
oxyhaemoglobin
White blood cells function is..?
defence against disease
Phagocytosis is
the engulfing of pathogens by WBC
WBC produce this protein molecule that is specific to the antigen on a pathgen?
antibodies
what other chemical do WBC produce that neutralises toxins?
anti-toxins
Which chemical produced by WBC destroys the pathogen - antitoxins or antibodies?
antibodies
Small fragments of cells are called
platelets
Do platelets have a nucleus?
no - so they are like RBC`
The role pf platelets is?
blood clotting
Lack of platelets would cause…?
bleeding and bruising
What colour is plasma
yellow straw colour
Other than special cells what else is carried in the plasma?
carbon dioxide urea glucose amino acids hormones proteins antibodies and antitoxins
This piece of medical equipment widens arteries and keeps arteries open to allow more blood to flow
stents
Coronary heart disease is when
coronary arteries that supply the heart get blocked
A blockage in a coronary will cause the cells in that part of the heart to die (heart attack) - why?
lack of blood carrying oxygen and glucose (so no respiration)
Lack of oxygen to heart muscles causes a
heart attack
Patients can develop blood clots from stents - these blood clots are called
thrombosis
Where is cholesterol produced?
liver
Too much cholesterol is bad? true or false
true
What happens to the excess cholesterol in the blood?
gets deposited on artery wall
Cholesterol is carried in the b…
blood
Name the drug that helps to lower blood cholesterol
statins
What organ do the statins act on?
liver
Faulty valves can be replaced with one of two types of valves…
biological (pigs) or mechanical (man-made)
What might cause valves in the heart to become faulty?
old age infection heart attacks
If someone has a faulty heart, what are the options?
heart transplant or an artificial heart
Is an artificial heart a permanent solution?
no
What are the problems with heart transplants?
major risk of surgery - bleeding heart could be rejected have to take suppressant drugs
What are the advantages to artificial hearts?
no risk of major surgery no risk of rejection
What are the problems with artificial hearts?
electric motor could fail blood doesn’t flow smoothly through = blood clots risk of strokes patients have to take drugs to thin blood
Advantages of heart transplant
saves a life
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aorta
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left ventricle
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pulmonary artery
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pulmonary vein
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right atrium
Name the part of the blood vessel the blood flows through
Lumen
What does the lumen get layered with in a diseased artery?
cholesterol
Name the cell
red blood cell
name the blood cell in the middle
white blood cell
name the blood cell on the right
platelet
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