Unit 4: Protein and Amino Acids: Muscle Builders and More Flashcards
Protein
An essential part of the diet and plays many roles in the body and its roles are primarily structural but can be used by the body
for energy during intensive exercise or when nutrition is inadequate.
Ammonia
A toxic metabolic waste product.
Uric Acid
A toxic metabolic waste product.
Polypeptide
Four or more amino acids linked together.
Branched Chain Amino Acids
A special group of amino acids that can be used for energy and are required in extra amounts.
Amino Acids
These are essential building blocks for growth, recovery, and production of many proteins occurring in the body.
Collagen
A chief component of connective tissue making up one third of the body protein content.
Urea Cycle
The metabolic process in which ammonia is converted to the waste product urea, which is then excreted from the body.
Hormone
One of the numerous substances produced by the endocrine glands that regulate bodily functions.
DNA
The substance in the cell nucleus that contains the cell’s genetic blueprint and determines the type of life form into which the cell will develop.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that either supports other tissue or joins tissue to tissue, muscle to bone, or bone to bone.
Lipoprotein
A compound made up of fat and protein that carries fats and fat-like substances, such as cholesterol, in the blood.
Cell Membrane
The outer boundary of a cell that we also call the plasma membrane.
Hemoglobin
The oxygen carrier in red blood cells.
RNA
The substance that carries the coded genetic information from the deoxyribonucleic acid, in the cell nucleus, to the ribosomes, where the instructions are translated into the form of protein molecules.
The place in the cell where translation takes place
Cytoplasm
Essential Amino Acids
L-Histidine L-Isoleucine L-Leucine L-Lysine L or DL-Methionine L or DL-Phenylalanine L-Threonine L-Tryptophan L-Valine
Limiting Nutrient
A nutrient that has the ability, through its absence or presence, to restrict the utilization of other nutrients or the functioning of the body.
Catabolism
Breaking down compounds and components
Anabolism
Building up products and compounds from smaller things
Complete Proteins
A protein that contains the essential amino acids in amounts that are sufficient for the maintenance of normal growth rate and body weight.
Incomplete Proteins
A protein that is usually deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.
Protein Efficiency Ratio
A method of finding the quality of a protein where we refer to the weight gained versus the amount of protein ingested.
Net Protein Utilization
A way of determining the digestibility of a protein by measuring the percentage of nitrogen that is absorbed from a protein’s amino acids.
Biological Value Formula
BV = nitrogen retained divided by nitrogen absorbed x 100
Cannibalization
The breakdown of muscle tissue by the body for the purpose of obtaining amino acids for other metabolic purposes and may also include other body tissues.
Free Form Amino Acids
Amino acids that are in their free state, or single.
Di-peptides
Two amino acids linked together.
Tri-peptides
Three amino acids linked together.
Hydrolyzed Proteins
A protein that has already been broken down, usually by enzymes, and is a mixture of free-form, di-peptide, and tri-peptide amino acids.
Coenzyme
An enzyme cofactor.
Precursor
An intermediate substance in the body’s production of another substance.
Intracellular
Inside the cell.
Extracellular
Outside the cell.
Calories in one gram of protein
4 calories
Adipose Tissue
Fat tissues in the body.
Hyaluronic Acid
A polysaccharide molecule which is one of the chief components of connective tissue, forming a gelatinous matrix that surrounds cells.
