Unit 12: Anatomy of an Athlete: Cells, Tissues, and Systems

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The structures of the body.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

The functions of the body.

Question 3

Cells

Answer 3

The fundamental units of life.

Question 4

Plama Membrane

Answer 4

The outer membrane of the cell, also known as the cell membrane.

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Sort of a cell within a cell, and it is used for housing the genetic material, DNA.

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

An organelle that has a role in synthesizing proteins and other cell parts.

Question 7

Digestive Enzymes

Answer 7

An enzyme that acts as catalysts for the breakdown of food components.

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

The organelle that makes network of intracellular canals in the cytoplasm for transporting the cell materials.

Question 9

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 9

The cell organelle that consists of stacks often sacs that are embedded in the cytoplasm close to the nucleus.

Question 10

Lysosome

Answer 10

These sac-like structure’s size and shape change with activity and they contain many enzymes capable of breaking down the components of the cell.

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

The powerhouse of the cell. Essentially the generator of energy.

Question 12

Gluconeogensis

Answer 12

The metabolic process in which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate sources.

Question 13

Glycolysis

Answer 13

The metabolic process in which glucose is converted to lactic acid.

Question 14

Tissues

Answer 14

The aggregation of cells bound together that work together to perform a common function.

Question 15

Squamous Epithelium

Answer 15

Tissue composed of one layer of flat cells. Located in the linings of the mouth, esophagus, and blood and lymphatic vessels.

Question 16

Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 16

Cube-shaped cells as found in the lining of kidney tubules.

Question 17

Columnar Epithelium

Answer 17

Tissue cells resembling columns or pillars in shape. They are widespread throughout the body, forming linings in the digestive tract and respiratory tract.

Question 18

Glandular Epithelium

Answer 18

Epithelial cells that specialize to secrete mucus and hormones, like
those of the salivary and thymus glands

Question 19

Connective Tissues

Answer 19

Widespread tissues in

the body and serve to connect and support. These tissues are composed of cells embedded in a nonliving matrix.

Question 20

Collagen Fibers

Answer 20

Tough, strong fibers that

form the major fibrous component of the skin, tendons, cartilage, ligaments, and teeth.

Question 21

Reticular Fibers

Answer 21

Delicate, supporting fibers of connective tissue that occur in networks and support delicate structures such as capillaries and nerve fibers.

Question 22

Elastic Fibers

Answer 22

fibers that are stretchy to a degree and extendible.

Question 23

Cartilage

Answer 23

The foundation of bone tissue. It is found at bone ends, in spinal disks and makes up the soft “bone” in the nose.

Question 24

Bones

Answer 24

These form the skeleton, which act to support and protect the body.

Question 25

Tendon function

Answer 25

Connect muscle to bone or other structures.

Question 26

Ligament Function

Answer 26

Join bone to bone, usually as joints.

Question 27

Muscle Tissue Function

Answer 27

Contraction

Question 28

Voluntary Muscle Tissue

Answer 28

Receive nerve fibers from the somatic nervous system.

Question 29

Involuntary Muscle Fibers

Answer 29

Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases.

Question 30

AcetylCholine

Answer 30

A neurotransmitter that is critical for optimum nervous system functioning.

Question 31

Fast Twitch Fibers

Answer 31

Muscle fibers that are selectively recruited when heavy workloads are demanded of the muscles and strength and power are needed.

Question 32

Slow Twitch Fibers

Answer 32

Muscle fibers that produce a steadier low- intensity, repetitive contraction, characteristic
of endurance activities.

Question 33

Hypertrophy

Answer 33

The increase in the size of muscle fibers.

Question 34

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Answer 34

This functions to contract the heart and pump blood through body. Located in the heart.

Question 35

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Answer 35

It functions to move substances along their respective tracts, change diameter of blood vessels, move substances along glandular ducts, change the diameter of pupils and the shape of the lens, and erect hairs.

Question 36

Nervous Tissue

Answer 36

These are composed of several types of cells that are responsible for the control of the bodily functions.

Question 37

Reproductive Tissue

Answer 37

The cells specialized to produce the next generation.

Question 38

Skeletal System

Answer 38

All the bones plus the joints formed by their attachments to each other.

Question 39

Skeletal Muscle System

Answer 39

Composed of skeletal muscle tissue (striated-voluntary) and tendons, is nourished by the circulatory system, and is controlled by the somatic nervous system.

Question 40

Nervous System

Answer 40

Composed of neurons, neuroglia, and neurosecretory cells. The nervous system’s function is to provide memory and
to integrate bodily functions, communication, and control. I

Question 41

Respiratory System

Answer 41

Composed of the following organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It functions to connect the gaseous external environment with the trillions of internal cells that make up the human body.

Question 42

Cardiovascular System

Answer 42

This system consists of the heart, veins, arteries, and the lymph system.

Question 43

Digestive System

Answer 43

Five organs form the alimentary canal (also called gastrointestinal tract). They are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Question 44

Urinary System

Answer 44

The following organs: kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Question 45

Homeostasis

Answer 45

The tendency of the body to maintain an internal equilibrium.

Question 46

Reproductive System

Answer 46

Organs that function to produce viable sperm

in the male and fertile eggs and an internal environment for the fertilized egg to develop in the female.

Question 47

Endocrine System

Answer 47

Several glands which release their secretions into

the blood stream. They function in control, communication, and integration.

Question 48

Male Reproductive System

Answer 48

A pair of testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, the hormone responsible for masculinity; a pair of seminal vesicles, which store the sperm until it is time for ejaculation; one prostate gland, which produces the nutritive media that enable the sperm to survive in the vaginal environment; and a pair of bulbourethral glands, which secretes an alkaline fluid to be included in the semen.

Question 49

Female reproductive System

Answer 49

Two ovaries, which contain the unfertilized eggs; two fallopian tubes, which carry the eggs down to the uterus; a uterus, which is the site of implantation of the fertilized egg; the cervix, which is a small cylindrical muscle that allows the flow of menstrual blood from the uterus to the vagina, and directs the sperms into the uterus during intercourse; and the vagina, which functions as the vestibule for the erect penis and as the birth canal.