Unit 12: Anatomy of an Athlete: Cells, Tissues, and Systems Flashcards
Anatomy
The structures of the body.
Physiology
The functions of the body.
Cells
The fundamental units of life.
Plama Membrane
The outer membrane of the cell, also known as the cell membrane.
Nucleus
Sort of a cell within a cell, and it is used for housing the genetic material, DNA.
Ribosomes
An organelle that has a role in synthesizing proteins and other cell parts.
Digestive Enzymes
An enzyme that acts as catalysts for the breakdown of food components.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The organelle that makes network of intracellular canals in the cytoplasm for transporting the cell materials.
Golgi Apparatus
The cell organelle that consists of stacks often sacs that are embedded in the cytoplasm close to the nucleus.
Lysosome
These sac-like structure’s size and shape change with activity and they contain many enzymes capable of breaking down the components of the cell.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell. Essentially the generator of energy.
Gluconeogensis
The metabolic process in which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate sources.
Glycolysis
The metabolic process in which glucose is converted to lactic acid.
Tissues
The aggregation of cells bound together that work together to perform a common function.
Squamous Epithelium
Tissue composed of one layer of flat cells. Located in the linings of the mouth, esophagus, and blood and lymphatic vessels.
Cuboidal Epithelium
Cube-shaped cells as found in the lining of kidney tubules.
Columnar Epithelium
Tissue cells resembling columns or pillars in shape. They are widespread throughout the body, forming linings in the digestive tract and respiratory tract.
Glandular Epithelium
Epithelial cells that specialize to secrete mucus and hormones, like
those of the salivary and thymus glands
Connective Tissues
Widespread tissues in
the body and serve to connect and support. These tissues are composed of cells embedded in a nonliving matrix.
Collagen Fibers
Tough, strong fibers that
form the major fibrous component of the skin, tendons, cartilage, ligaments, and teeth.
Reticular Fibers
Delicate, supporting fibers of connective tissue that occur in networks and support delicate structures such as capillaries and nerve fibers.
Elastic Fibers
fibers that are stretchy to a degree and extendible.
Cartilage
The foundation of bone tissue. It is found at bone ends, in spinal disks and makes up the soft “bone” in the nose.
Bones
These form the skeleton, which act to support and protect the body.
Tendon function
Connect muscle to bone or other structures.
Ligament Function
Join bone to bone, usually as joints.
Muscle Tissue Function
Contraction
Voluntary Muscle Tissue
Receive nerve fibers from the somatic nervous system.
Involuntary Muscle Fibers
Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases.
AcetylCholine
A neurotransmitter that is critical for optimum nervous system functioning.
Fast Twitch Fibers
Muscle fibers that are selectively recruited when heavy workloads are demanded of the muscles and strength and power are needed.
Slow Twitch Fibers
Muscle fibers that produce a steadier low- intensity, repetitive contraction, characteristic
of endurance activities.
Hypertrophy
The increase in the size of muscle fibers.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
This functions to contract the heart and pump blood through body. Located in the heart.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
It functions to move substances along their respective tracts, change diameter of blood vessels, move substances along glandular ducts, change the diameter of pupils and the shape of the lens, and erect hairs.
Nervous Tissue
These are composed of several types of cells that are responsible for the control of the bodily functions.
Reproductive Tissue
The cells specialized to produce the next generation.
Skeletal System
All the bones plus the joints formed by their attachments to each other.
Skeletal Muscle System
Composed of skeletal muscle tissue (striated-voluntary) and tendons, is nourished by the circulatory system, and is controlled by the somatic nervous system.
Nervous System
Composed of neurons, neuroglia, and neurosecretory cells. The nervous system’s function is to provide memory and
to integrate bodily functions, communication, and control. I
Respiratory System
Composed of the following organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It functions to connect the gaseous external environment with the trillions of internal cells that make up the human body.
Cardiovascular System
This system consists of the heart, veins, arteries, and the lymph system.
Digestive System
Five organs form the alimentary canal (also called gastrointestinal tract). They are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Urinary System
The following organs: kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Homeostasis
The tendency of the body to maintain an internal equilibrium.
Reproductive System
Organs that function to produce viable sperm
in the male and fertile eggs and an internal environment for the fertilized egg to develop in the female.
Endocrine System
Several glands which release their secretions into
the blood stream. They function in control, communication, and integration.
Male Reproductive System
A pair of testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, the hormone responsible for masculinity; a pair of seminal vesicles, which store the sperm until it is time for ejaculation; one prostate gland, which produces the nutritive media that enable the sperm to survive in the vaginal environment; and a pair of bulbourethral glands, which secretes an alkaline fluid to be included in the semen.
Female reproductive System
Two ovaries, which contain the unfertilized eggs; two fallopian tubes, which carry the eggs down to the uterus; a uterus, which is the site of implantation of the fertilized egg; the cervix, which is a small cylindrical muscle that allows the flow of menstrual blood from the uterus to the vagina, and directs the sperms into the uterus during intercourse; and the vagina, which functions as the vestibule for the erect penis and as the birth canal.
