Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 201 (Anat + Phys) > Unit 4 Objectives > Flashcards

Unit 4 Objectives Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the major functions of the nervous system.

A
  • sensing functions
  • analyzing and interpreting
  • motor functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the structures of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

central: the brain and spinal cord
peripheral: everything else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain the major differences between the three functional divisions of the nervous system.

A

CNS: command center, processes info and initiates responses
PNS: connects CNS to the rest of the body
ANS: regulates involuntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define neuron

A

excitable cells responsible for sending and receiving signals as action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the main components of a neuron

A

cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier, and axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define dendrites

A

branches off cell body, grab signals and sends them to cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define axons

A

a long tail coming off soma, send signals away from soma to neurons or muscles(can generate action potentials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define myelin sheath

A

fatty covering around axon, helps the signals move along the axon faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define nodes of Ranvier

A

the gaps in the myelin sheath, which helps the signal jump along the axon faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define axon terminals

A

bulbs at the end of the axon, release chemicals to send a signal out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the different variations of neurons

A

sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe sensory neurons

A

they have long dendrites and short axons; this allows them to cover more ground and send out signals very quickly (found outside CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe interneurons

A

found entirely inside CNS; have short dendrites and axons; are connectors between sensory and motor functions; and allow for quick communication for fast reflex reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe motor neurons

A

have long axons and short dendrites; found within CNS; long axons allow for sending signals over long distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 4 types of CNS neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 types of PNS neuroglial cells

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe astrocytes

A

star shaped cells with many branches; supports and protects neurons, regulates environment around neurons; the branches allow astrocytes to have physical support and allows them to wrap around capillaries to protect the BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe oligodendrocytes

A

cells with multiple branches that wrap around nerve fibers; produces myelin; their bulbous body and multiple processes allows them to myelinate and protect many axons at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe microglia

A

small cells with branching processes; the immune system of the brain, removes damaged cells and fights infection; their structure allows them to respond and detect defects, and their ability to change shape enhances their surveillance and defense functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe ependymal cells

A

cuboidal cells with cilia; produces cerebrospinal fluid; they move the CSF through our system with their cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe Schwann cells

A

elongated cells that wrap around nerve fibers, this allows them to produce myelin effectively in the PNS. they only wrap around one axon, unlike oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe satellite cells

A

flattened cells, which allows them to effectively wrap around and protect nerve cell bodies in the ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the myelin sheath

A

a protective covering that surrounds and insulates axons. speeds up signal transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

compare and contrast myelination in the CNS vs the PNS

A
  • PNS is myelinated through Schwann cells while
    CNS is through oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann cells only cover one axon but can
    myelinate and regenerate nerves much faster
  • Oligodendrocytes cover many axons at once
    but myelinate and regenerate nerves much
    slower
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define ion channel

A

a gate in the cell membrane that controls the flow of charged particles called ions in and out of the cell; selects what ions to allow in to control the electrical activity of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe voltage-gated ion channels

A

These ion channels open and close in response to changes in the electrical voltage across the cell membrane; crucial for generating action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe ligand-gated ion channels

A

These ion channels open and close in response to the binding of specific chemical molecules called ligands; they are involved in synaptic transmission, where ligands released from one neuron bind to another neuron, making the channel open and generating electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe mechanically-gated ion channels

A

these channels open and close in response to physical force such as pressure or stretching of cell membrane; found in sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe leak channels

A

constantly open and allow ions to pass constantly; maintains resting membrane potential, contributes to electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how do ion channels contribute to the resting action potential

A

they only allow certain ions in and out. cells at their resting state are negatively charged and to maintain that they release Na+ and take in K-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe local potential

A
  • started by small stimuli
  • strength depends on stimulus strength
  • spreads passively, weakens as it goes
  • can trigger action potentials
  • lasts only while stimulus is present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe action potentials

A
  • started by strong enough stimulus to reach a
    threshold
  • always same strength regardless of stimulus
  • doesn’t weaken as it travels
  • always triggers an action potential
  • lasts a fixed amount of time (1-2 milliseconds)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

describe depolarization

A

At the start, the voltage suddenly rises. This is depolarization. It’s like the neuron’s electrical charge becoming more positive, which triggers the action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

describe repolarization

A

After reaching the peak, the voltage starts to drop. This is repolarization. The neuron’s charge is returning to its normal negative state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe hyperpolarization

A

Sometimes, the voltage goes a bit lower than normal. This is hyperpolarization. The neuron becomes even more negatively charged than usual before it goes back to its resting state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

. Compare and contrast continuous and saltatory conduction

A

BOTH: invlolve action potentials across axon;
nerve impulses are transmitted
CONTINUOUS: actional potential spreads the
whole lenght of axon; is much slower;
happens in umyelinated axons; requires
more energy as ion channels open and close
along entire axon
SALTATORY: action potential jumps across nodes
of ranvier; is much quicker; occurs in
myelinated axons; requires less energy as ion
movement is concentrated on nodes of
Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain how axon diameter and myelination affect conduction velocity

A

bigger axons mean faster signals and myelin makes signals travel faster by skipping myelinated sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Compare and contrast electrical and chemical synapses.

A

TRANSMISSION: electrical uses channels, while
chemical uses neurotransmitters
SPEED: electrical is much faster
DIRECTION: electrical can go both directions,
while chemical can only go from sending to
receiving.
PLASTICITY: chemical can change over time;
electrical rarely does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the events of chemical synaptic transmission in chronological order

A
  1. action potential arrival: action potential
    reaches the end of the presynaptic terminal
  2. calcium rush: calcium ions rush into the
    presynaptic terminal
  3. release of neurotransmitters: calcium triggers
    neurotransmitters to be released from vesicles
  4. neurotransmitter diffusion: Neurotransmitters
    travel across the presynaptic cleft to reach the
    postsynaptic membrane
  5. binding to receptors: neurotransmitters attach
    to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  6. postsynaptic response: the receptors being
    activated cause a change in the postsynaptic
    neuron
    6.5. they can either be excitatory (neuron is more
    likely to send signal) or inhibitory
  7. signal termination: Neurotransmitters are
    removed from the synaptic cleft (through
    diffusion, being absorbed or broken down by
    enzymes)
  8. postsynaptic recovery: the postsynaptic
    neuron returns to resting state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

A

EPSP makes neurons more likely to fire while IPSP makes them less likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

List the three ways synaptic transmission is terminated

A

reuptake, degradation, and diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Discuss the relationship between a neurotransmitter and its receptor

A

neurotransmitters are like a special key that can only fit into certain receptors (locks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the 4 neurotransmitters

A

amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are amino acids

A

glutamate (excitatory), GABA (calming), and glycine (inhibitory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are monoamines

A

dopamine (award and mood), serotonin (mood and sleep), norepinephrine (alertness), epinephrine (stress response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

CNS: memory and attention
PNS: movement and heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are neuropeptides

A

proteins that regulate things like pain, stress, mood, and social bonding
(endorphins, oxytocin, and substance P)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is white matter in the brain and spinal cord

A

BRAIN: carries signals between gray matter, the inner part
SPINAL CORD: the outer part carrying signals between brain and body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is gray matter in the brain and spinal cord

A

BRAIN: the outer layer; thinking and perception
SPINAL CORD: the inner part handling sensory information and movement coordination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe the function of the cerebrum and its overall structure

A

the command center of the brain; the largest part of your brain sitting at the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe the function of the frontal lobe

A

MOTOR: moves voluntary muscles
SENSORY: helps plan movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Describe the function of the parietal lobe

A

MOTOR: plans hand or finger movements
SENSORY: Processes feelings like touch, pain, and where your body is in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Describe the function of the temporal lobe

A

MOTOR: doesn’t rlly control movement
SENSORY: helps you hear, memory, and understanding language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

describe the function of the occipital lobe

A

MOTOR: doesn’t control movement
SENSORY: processes what you see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

describe the function of the insular lobe

A

MOTOR: not main for movement
SENSORY: senses things like feelings, pain, temperature, and emotions

56
Q

where is the location of the limbic system

A

deep within the brain, near the center

57
Q

what are the functions of the limbic system

A

It handles emotions, memories, and basic instincts like eating and feeling motivated.

58
Q

where is the location of the diencephalon?

A

the middle of the brain, just below the cerebrum

59
Q

what are the functions of the diencephalon?

A

helps relay sensory information and helps regulate sleep, thirst, hunger, and body temp

60
Q

what are the four components of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

61
Q

describe the function of the thalamus

A

sorts and send sensory info to the right areas of the brain

62
Q

describe the function of the hypothalamus

A

helps control things like body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep; also manages hormones and plays a role in emotions

63
Q

describe the function of the epithalamus

A

includes the pineal gland which produces melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycle

64
Q

describe the function of the subthalamus

A

helps coordinate smooth movements and prevent involuntary movements

65
Q

describe the function of the cerebellum

A

helps control movement, balance, and coordination; also plays a role in motor learning (riding a bike)

66
Q

describe the functions of the brainstem

A

controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure; basic functions like swallowing, digestion, and sleeping; serves as a pathway between the brain and spine

67
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

68
Q

what are the functions of the medulla oblongata

A

controlling essential functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

69
Q

what are the functions of the pons

A

involved in controlling breathing and regulating sleep; helps transmit signals

70
Q

what are the functions of the midbrain

A

Handles sensory and motor functions, helping you see, hear, and move

71
Q

Describe the reticular formation

A

LOCATION: like a network spread throughout the brainstem
FUNCTION: helps you stay awake, alert, and focused

72
Q

list the cranial meninges

A

the tough dura mater, the fluid-filled arachnoid mater, and the delicate pia mater.

73
Q

what is the function of the cranial meninges

A

They protect the brain from injury and cushion it from shocks, support the brain, supply it with nutrients, and regulate the flow of fluid around it

74
Q

describe the ventricles of the brain

A

fluid filled spaces in the brain and generates CSF

75
Q

what are the functions of the CSF

A

cushions the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and delivers nutrients

76
Q

how is CSF produced

A

by the choroid plexus in the brain, which filters blood and secretes CSF

77
Q

how does CSF circulate within the CNS

A

the CSF circulates around and through the brain and spinal cord, going through the ventricles

78
Q

how is the CSF absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Arachnoid granulations are specialized structures that act like one-way valves, allowing CSF to pass from the subarachnoid space into the bloodstream

79
Q

describe the structure of the BBB

A

endothelial cells are tightly packed together to protect the brain; they are supported by astrocytes, which regulate the barrier

80
Q

what is the importance of the BBB

A

it allows nutrients and glucose into the brain and keeps out toxins and pathogens

81
Q

how does the endocrine and nervous system maintain homeostasis

A

the endocrine system uses hormones and works more slowly but has long-lasting effects, while the nervous system uses electrical signals for rapid communication and immediate responses to changes.

82
Q

how does the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis

A

like the body’s manager; regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, and sleep; adjusts hormone levels and nervous system activity

83
Q

how does the reticullar formation of the medulla maintain homeostasis

A

it’s ready to act quickly; controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure;

84
Q

where does thinking and decision making happen

A

the frontal love, especially the prefrontal cortex

85
Q

where does understanding and producing speech happen

A

broca’s area for speeking, anf wernick’s are for understanding

86
Q

Discuss the concept of cerebral lateralization

A

the concept that the left hemisphere is typically dominant for language and analytical tasks, while the right hemisphere is more involved in spatial awareness and creativity

87
Q

what is short term memory

A

holds information temorarily (remembering a phone number for a short amount of time)

88
Q

what is long term memory

A

it’s unlimited and you can remember it from months to an entire lifetime

89
Q

what is sensory memory

A

holds info from your senses for a very short time in order to decide what is important

90
Q

Describe the composition and function of the spinal cord

A

it’s filled with nerve fibers and surrounded by protective layers called meninges; carries messages to and from the brain, also plays a role and reflexes

91
Q

describe dorsal horns

A

receive sensory signals from the body

92
Q

describe ventral horns

A
93
Q

describe lateral horns

A

They’re involved in controlling autonomic functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion

94
Q

describe ascending the descending tracts

A

ASCENDING: takes messages up to the brain
DESCENDING: takes messages down to the spinal cord

95
Q

Explain the differences between the sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) - carries messages from the senses to the brain
motor (efferent) - sends messages from your brain to the muscles and glands

96
Q

what are the subdivisions of the sensory division

A

somatic sensory: send signals like touch and pain from skin and msucles
visceral sensory: sends signals like pressure and pain from internal organs

97
Q

what are the subdivisions of the motor division

A

somatic motor: controls voluntary movements
visceral motor (autonomic): Regulates involuntary actions of organs

98
Q

what are the subdivisions of the visceral motor division

A

sympathetic: the body’s fight or flight
parasympathetic: the body’s rest and digest

99
Q

what are the 3 types of peripheral nerves

A

sensory, motor, and mixed nerves

100
Q

what are spinal nerves

A

come from the spinal cord; control body movements and sensations; has 31 pairs

101
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

come from the brain; control head, neck, and some internal organs; has 12 pairs

102
Q

describe olifactory

A

(I)
sensory
sense of smell

103
Q

describe optic

A

(II)
sensory
vision

104
Q

describe oculomotor

A

(III)
motor
controls movements of muscles in the eye

105
Q

describe trochlear

A

(IV)
motor
Controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which helps with downward and inward eye movements

106
Q

describe trigeminal

A

(V)
mixed
transmit sensations from the face, scalp, and teeth to the brain, while motor fibers control the muscles involved in chewing

107
Q

describe abducens

A

(VI)
motor
Controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which moves the eye away from the nose

108
Q

describe facial nerves

A

(VII)
mixed
Controls facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretion of saliva and tears

109
Q

describe Vestibulocochlear

A

(VIII)
sensory
-vestibular nerve: balance and spacial orientation
-cochlear: hearing

110
Q

describe Glossopharyngeal

A

(IX)
mixed
sensory info from the tongue, throat, and parts of the ear; swallowing reflex and taste

111
Q

describe vagus

A

(X)
mixed
transmitting sensory information from various organs in the chest and abdomen, controlling muscles involved in speech and swallowing, regulating heart rate and digestion, and influencing the function of many internal organs

112
Q

describe accessory

A

(XI)
motor
head movement and shoulder elevation

113
Q

describe hypoglossal

A

(XII)
motor
controls muscles in tongue

114
Q

describe the anatomy of a spinal nerve

A

ROOTS: nerves start with two roots, dorsal (back) for feeling and ventral (front) for movement
NERVE: these roots join to form a single nerve
RAMI: spinal nerve splits into 2 branches, dorsal ramus for the back and ventral ramus for the rest of the body
PLEXUS: a network of nerves (like nerve hubs)

115
Q

how many cervical nerve pairs are there

A

8

116
Q

how many thoracic nerve pairs are there

A

12

117
Q

how many lumbar nerve pairs are there

A

5

118
Q

how many sacral nerve pairs are there

A

5

119
Q

how many coccigeal nerve pairs are there

A

1

120
Q

only once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are happening

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory. hypoglossal

121
Q

List the four spinal
nerve plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexus

122
Q

Define sensory transduction

A

when your body processes tsenses it takes in into things you can understand

123
Q

describe Exteroceptors by location and origin of stimuli

A

LOCATION: near the skin
STIMULI: senses things from outside of body like touch and temp

124
Q

describe interoceptors by location and origin of stimuli

A

LOCATION: inside your body (organs)
STIMULI: hunger, thirst, blood pressure

125
Q

describe proprioceptors by location and origin of stimuli

A

LOCATION: in muscles, tendons, and joints
STIMULI: monitor body position and movement

126
Q

describe what mechanoreceptors detect and where

A

DETECT: pressure, vibration, stretch
WHERE: skin

127
Q

describe what Thermoreceptors detect and where

A

DETECT: temperature
WHERE: skin and internal organs

128
Q

describe what Chemoreceptors can detect and where

A

DETECT: chemical stimuli (taste, smell, changes in chemical composition of body)
WHERE: taste buds and nasal passages

129
Q

describe what Photoreceptors can detect and where

A

DETECT: LIGHT STIMULI
WHERE: retina

130
Q

describe what Nociceptors can detect and where

A

DETECT: painful stimuli
WHERE: distributed through body

131
Q

whar are the 6 types of Mechanoreceptors

A

merkel cells, Meissner’s Corpuscles, Pacinian Corpuscles, Ruffini Endings, Hair Follicle Receptors, Free Nerve Endings

132
Q

describe merkel cells

A

detect pressure and texture

133
Q

describe meissner’s corpuscles

A

detects light touch and low frequency vibration

134
Q

describe pacinian corpuscles

A

detect deep pressure and high frequency vibration

135
Q

describe ruffini endings

A

detect skin stretch and continuous pressure

136
Q
A

Bio 201 (Anat + Phys) (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions