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Bio 201 (Anat + Phys) > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

List in order the major structural levels of organization in the human body

A
  1. atoms
  2. cells
  3. tissues
  4. organs
  5. organ system
  6. organism
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2
Q

what are the components of a feedback loop

A

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

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3
Q

describe a stimulus

A

a change in the internal or external environment

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4
Q

describe a receptor

A

proteins or cells that detect stimuli/ act as sensors

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5
Q

describe control center

A

receives info from receptors and determines response

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6
Q

describe effector

A

structures or organs that carry out the response

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7
Q

describe response

A

the action taken to counteract the stimulus

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8
Q

list the intercellular junctions

A

tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes, adherens junctions, hemidesmosomes

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9
Q

describe tight junctions

A

prevents substances from leaking in or out, controls what molecules enter cell

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10
Q

describe gap junctions

A

they constantly stay open, allow small molecules to pass through

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11
Q

describe desmosomes

A

anchoring junctions, they hold adjacent cells together

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12
Q

describe adherens junctions

A

helps cells stick together through adherin proteins

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13
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

velcro that holds cells to the ECM

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14
Q

Describe the difference in simple and stratified epithelia

A

simple is a single layer, while stratified is multiple layers

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15
Q

what is the overall purpose of simple epithelia

A

to facilitate diffusion, absorption, secretion, and filtration; substances can easily pass through because of there only being one layer

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16
Q

what is the overall purpose of stratified epithelia

A

protection; the multiple layers create a barrier to protect from stress and damage

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17
Q

how are skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle similar

A

both are striated

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18
Q

how are skeletal and cardiac muscles different

A
  • skeletal are long with many nuclei, while cardiac are branched.
    Cardiac muscles have desmosomes
  • skeletal is voluntary, and cardiac is not
  • skeletal can experience fatigue while cardiac can’t
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19
Q

Describe synovial membranes

A

special membranes found in synovial joints that create synovial fluid

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20
Q

what is the most common type of joint in the human body

A

synovial joints

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21
Q

describe the structure of synovial joints

A

outer layer: synovial membrane or synovium. has
synoviocytes
inner layer: basement membrane with collagen
fiber

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22
Q

what are the 2 different types of synoviocytes

A

Type A or macrophage-like cells: removes debris
from synovial fluid
Type B or fibroblast-like cells: produces synovial
fluid

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23
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid

A

lubrication, shock absorption, nutrient supply, waste removal

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24
Q

list the layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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25
Q

what layer of the skin is avascular

A

the epidermis (it lacks blood vessels)

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26
Q

Describe the function of keratin in the skin

A

it’s like the tough armor of the skin, also keeps your hair and nails sturdy

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27
Q

list the layers of the epidermis in order from top to bottom

A

Come let’s get sun burnt.
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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28
Q

list the parts of a long bone

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum

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29
Q

describe the diaphysis

A

long shaft of the bone; compact bone

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30
Q

describe the epiphysis

A

the rounded end of a long bone; spongey bone; has red bone marrow

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31
Q

describe the metaphysis

A

region between the diaphysis and epiphysis; contains epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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32
Q

describe the articular cartilage

A

thin line of hyalin cartilage that covers the epiphysis, where it forms a joint with another bone; reduces friction and absorbs shock

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33
Q

describe the periosteum

A

a tough membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone; involved in bone growth and repair

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34
Q

describe the medullary cavity

A

aka the marrow cavity; hollow space within the diaphysis, holds yellow bone marrow, fat cells, and used for fat storage

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35
Q

describe the endosteum

A

a thin membrane that lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity

36
Q

define osteoblasts

A

cells that build bones

37
Q

define osteoclasts

A

cells that break down bone; regulates calcium levels

38
Q

define osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that are embedded in the bone. send messages to regulate bone remodeling

39
Q

Describe the difference in longitudinal and appositional growth

A

longitudinal is when the bones grow length wise; happens in the epiphyseal plates and ends at puberty
appositional grows in thickness, happens forever; it strengthens the bones overtime

40
Q

describe the function of calcitonin

A

restricts osteoclasts; helps regulate blood calcium levels by stopping bone resorption; allows bone to deposit calcium

41
Q

describe the function of calcitriol

A

stimulates osteoblasts

42
Q

describe the function of the parathyroid hormone

A

stimulates osteoclasts; helps regulate blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones

43
Q

list the bones of the arm from proximal to distal

A

humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

44
Q

list the bones of the leg from proximal to distal

A

femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

45
Q

Describe the three functional classes of joints

A
  • synarthrosis (immovable joints)
  • amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
  • diarthrosis (freely moveable)
46
Q

list the types of fibrous joints

A

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

47
Q

list the types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses, symphyses

48
Q

list the types of synovial joints

A

-ball and socket
-hinge
-pivot
-condyloid
-saddle
-gliding

49
Q

what’s an example of a ball and socket joint

A

rotating your hip to kick a ball

50
Q

what’s an example of a hinge joint

A

extending your leg to kick a ball

51
Q

what’s an example of a pivot joint

A

shaking your head no

52
Q

what’s an example of a condyloid joint

A

rotating your wrist to wave goodbye

53
Q

what’s an example of a saddle joint

A

spreading your fingers out then bringing them back together

54
Q

what’s an example of a gliding joint

A

gliding your hand across a table

55
Q

define endomysium

A

a membrane that wraps around each individual muscle fiber

56
Q

define perimysium

A

a membrane that wraps around fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)

57
Q

define epimysium

A

a membrane that wraps around an entire muscle

58
Q

describe parallel (fusiform) muscles

A

the fibers are parallel; biceps brachii

59
Q

describe convergent (triangular) muscles

A

fibers converge towards a single tendon; pectoralis major

60
Q

describe pennate muscles

A

feather muscles; rectus femoris
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

61
Q

describe circular (sphincter) muscles

A

circular muscles; orbicularis oris

62
Q

List the seven criteria used to name muscles

A
  1. location
  2. shape
  3. size
  4. direction
  5. number of heads or divisions
  6. points of attachment
  7. function
63
Q

Describe the four functional groups of skeletal muscle and give examples of each

A
  1. agonists; biceps brachii
  2. antagonist; triceps brachii
  3. synergists; brachialis
  4. supraspinatus
64
Q

Describe the sliding filament mechanism

A
  1. muscle is stimulated
  2. cross bridge
  3. power stroke
  4. detachment and reset
  5. repeat
65
Q

Define resting membrane potential

A

when a cell is more negatively charged than the environment around it; typically -70

66
Q

Put the events of excitation in order

A
  1. resting state
  2. depolarization
  3. action potential
  4. repolarization
  5. hyperpolarization
  6. resting state
67
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms for generating ATP

A
  1. phosphocreatine system
  2. glycolytic system
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
68
Q

describe the phosphocreatine system

A

provides a rapid but limited source of ATP

69
Q

describe the glycolytic system

A

used after phosphocreatine; produces a small amount of ATP quickly

70
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

used during prolonged muscle activity; most efficient source of ATP but slow

71
Q

Describe type I and type II muscle fibers

A

Type 1: slow twitch; endurance activities
Type 2: fast twitch; sprinting/weight lifting

72
Q

Explain the effect of myelination

A

it makes signals travel much faster

73
Q

Define depolarization

A

when positively charged ions rush into a cell, making it less negative

74
Q

define repolarization

A

when a cell returns to its natural resting state

75
Q

define hyperpolarization

A

when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than its resting state

76
Q

define gray matter

A

the part of the brain and spinal cord that contains cell bodies and connections between nerve cells. It’s where information processing and decision-making happen

77
Q

define white matter

A

made of nerve fibers covered in myelin; acts as a communication network

78
Q

List the parts of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex; frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes

79
Q

Describe the function of the cerebellum

A
  1. movement
  2. balance
  3. motor and skill learning
  4. cognitive functions
80
Q

what are the 2 main divisions of the PNS

A
  1. somatic nervous system: controls movement and send sensory info to CNS
  2. autonomic nervous system: regulates involuntary bodily functions
81
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the somatic nervous system

A
  1. somatic sensory: carries sensory info to CNS
  2. somatic motor: carries motor commands from CNS to skeletal muscles
82
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. sympathetic: fight or flight
  2. parasympathetic: rest and digest
83
Q

describe the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium

A
  1. endo: wraps individual nerve fibers
  2. peri: bundles of nerve fibers (fascicles)
  3. epi: surrounds peripheral nerve
84
Q

describe the flexion (withdrawal) reflex

A

pulls a body part away from a painful stimulus

85
Q

describe the crossed-flexion reflex

A

when the opposite limb extends to help keep balance from the limb that was withdrawn

Bio 201 (Anat + Phys) (12 decks)

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