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2SCPHLec > Unit 4 - Non-communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Non-communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as chronic disease.

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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2
Q

Diseases that are not transmissible directly or indirectly from
one person to another.

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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3
Q

They are of long duration and generally slow progression.

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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4
Q

It is the result from combinations of genetic, physiological,
environmental and behaviors factor.

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Non-Communicable Diseases?

A
  • Complex etiology (causes)
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Non-contagious origin (non-communicable)
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
  • Incurability
  • Insidious onset
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6
Q

What is a characteristic, condition, or behaviour that increases the likelihood of getting a disease or injury?

A

Risk Factors

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7
Q

T/F: The risk factors can be either modifiable or nonmodifiable.

A

T

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8
Q

In Risk Factors, surveillance of non- communicable can be difficult
because of the following:

A
  1. Lag time between exposure and health condition,
  2. More than one exposure for a health condition,
    and
  3. Exposure link to more than one health condition.
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9
Q

A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention.

A

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

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10
Q

Example of Non-Modifiable Risk Factors:

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Race
  4. Family History (genetics)
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11
Q

A behavioral risk factor that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease.

A

Modifiable Risk Factors

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12
Q

What organization prioritized the following FOUR:
1. Physical Inactivity
2. Tobacco use
3. Alcohol use, and
4. Unhealthy diets (increased fats and sodium, with low fruit and vegetable intake)

A

WHO

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13
Q

T/F: Tobacco kills up to half of its users.

A

T

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14
Q

T/F: Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year.

A

T

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15
Q

T/F: Tabacco’s Annual death toll could rise to more than 8 million by 2030.

A

T

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16
Q

T/F: Nearly 80% of the world’s 1 billion smokers live in low – and in middle – income countries.

A

T

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17
Q

Most countries have increased overall daily
consumption of:
1. Daily calories,
2. Fats and meats and
3. Energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods such as:
- starches
- refined sugars
- trans-fats

A

Global Changes in Diet

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18
Q

What are the Unhealthy Diet: Health Effects?

A
  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Cancer
  4. Type 2 diabetes
  5. Hypertension
  6. Diseases of the liver and gallbladder
  7. Obesity
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19
Q

31% of the world’s population does not get enough physical activity.

A

Global Changes in Physical Activity

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20
Q

Many social and economic changes contribute to this trend:
* Aging populations
* Transportation, and
* Communication technology

A

Global Changes in Physical Activity

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21
Q

How many percent the Coronary heart disease in NCDs worldwide is attributable to physical inactivity?

A

6%

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22
Q

How many percent of the Type 2 diabetes in NCDs worldwide is attributable to physical inactivity?

A

7%

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23
Q

How many percent of the Breast Cancer in NCDs worldwide is attributable to physical inactivity?

A

10%

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24
Q

How many percent of Colon Cancer in NCDs worldwide is attributable to physical inactivity?

A

10%

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25
Q

How many percent of the Premature mortality in NCDs worldwide is attributable to physical inactivity?

A

9%

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26
Q

T/F: 11.5% of all global drinkers are episodic, heavy drinkers and 2.5 million people die from alcohol consumption per
year.

A

T

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27
Q

T/F: In Global Alcohol Consumption, the majority of adults, consume at low-risk levels.

A

T

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28
Q

T/F: Estimated worldwide consumption of alcohol has remained relatively stable

A

T

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29
Q

In harmful Use of Alcohol, Excessive drinking, per day for heavy drinking is?

A

on average

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30
Q

In harmful Use of Alcohol, Binge drinking, per day for heavy drinking is?

A

on Single occasion

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31
Q

It refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning.

A

Metabolic

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32
Q

What are the Behaviors (modifiable risk factors) that can lead to metabolic/physiologic changes?

A

Metabolic Risk Factors

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33
Q

WHO has prioritized the following four metabolic risk factors: What are those?

A
  1. Raised blood pressure
  2. Raised total cholesterol
  3. Elevated glucose
  4. Overweight and Obesity
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34
Q

What are the Groups of disorders of the heart and blood vessels?

A

Cardiovascular Diseases

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35
Q

The number 1 cause of death globally,
taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each
year.

A

Cardiovascular Diseases

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Cardiovascular Diseases?

A
  1. Heart attack
  2. Arrhythmia
  3. Heart failure
37
Q

What is the disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle?

A

Coronary Heart Disease

38
Q

What is the disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain?

A

Cerebrovascular Disease

39
Q

What is the disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs?

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

40
Q

It damages the heart muscle and heart
valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria.

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

41
Q

It is the malformations of the heart structure existing at birth.

A

Congenital Heart Disease

42
Q

The blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis And Pulmonary Embolism

43
Q

Give 7 Major Modifiable Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases.

A
  1. High BP
  2. Abnormal blood lipids
  3. Tobacco use
  4. Physical inactivity
  5. Obesity
  6. Unhealthy diet (salt)
  7. Diabetes
44
Q

Give 4 Non-Modifiable Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases.

A
  1. Age
  2. Hereditary or family history
  3. Gender
  4. Ethnicity or Race
45
Q

Give 6 other Modifiable Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases.

A
  1. Low socio-economic status
  2. Mental ill-health (depression)
  3. Psychosocial stress
  4. Heavy alcohol use
  5. Use of certain medication
  6. Lipoprotein
46
Q

Give 3 Novel Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases.

A
  1. Excess homocysteine in blood
  2. Inflammatory markers (C-reactive
    protein)
  3. Abnormal blood coagulation (elevated
    blood levels of fibrinogen
47
Q

A chronic disease that occurs either when
the pancreas does not produce enough
insulin or when the body cannot
effectively use the insulin it produces
leading to hyperglycemia.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

48
Q

It May lead to serious damage to many
of the body’s systems, especially the
nerves and blood vessels.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

49
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or
childhood-onset.

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

50
Q

It is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin.

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

51
Q

It is an Unknown cause and not preventable with current knowledge.

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

52
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus Formerly called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

53
Q

Due to the body’s ineffective use of insulin

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

54
Q

It is a result of excess body weight and physical inactivity.

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

55
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus is a temporary condition that occurs in pregnancy
and carries a long-term risk of type 2 diabetes.

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

56
Q

It is hyperglycemia with blood glucose values above normal but below those diagnostic of diabetes

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

57
Q

It was diagnosed through prenatal screening, rather than through reported symptoms.

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

58
Q

Give the Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus:

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Polydipsia
  3. Polyphagia
  4. Weight loss (type 1)
  5. Weight gain (type 2)
  6. Vision changes
  7. Fatigue
59
Q

Give the Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus:

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Age
  3. Family history
  4. Unhealthy diet
  5. Physical inactivity
  6. Obesity
60
Q

Give the Major Modifiable Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus:

A
  1. Unhealthy diet
  2. Physical inactivity
  3. Obesity
  4. High BP
  5. High Cholesterol
61
Q

Give the other Major Modifiable Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus:

A
  1. Low Socio-economic status
  2. Heavy alcohol use
  3. Psychological stress
  4. High consumption of sugar-sweetened
    beverages
  5. Low consumption of fiber
62
Q

Give the Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus:

A
  1. Increased age
  2. Family history/Genetics
  3. Race
  4. Distribution of fat
63
Q

Give the Other Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus:

A
  1. Low birth weight
  2. Presence of autoantibodies
64
Q

Aka malignant tumors and neoplasm

65
Q

A generic term for a large group of
diseases due to the rapid creation of
abnormal cells that grow beyond their
usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body
and spread to other organs.

66
Q

It arises from the transformation of
normal cells into tumor cells in a multistage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumor.

67
Q

What are the causes of cancer in Person’s Genetics?

A
  1. Chemical Carcinogen
  2. Physical Carcinogen
  3. Biological Carcinogen
68
Q

What is the type of Cancer in Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus-1?

A

T-cell Leukemia

69
Q

What is the type of Cancer in Human Papillomavirus?

A

Cervical cancer

70
Q

What is the type of Cancer in Hepatitis B and C virus?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

71
Q

What is the type of Cancer in Human Immunodeficiency virus?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

72
Q

What is the type of Cancer in Epstein-Barr virus?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer

73
Q

What are the 2 early detection of cancer?

A
  1. Early diagnosis
  2. Screening
74
Q

Steps for early diagnosis of cancer:

A

Step 1. Awareness and accessing care
Step 2. Clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and staging
Step 3. Access to treatment

75
Q

What are the Examples of Screening Methods:

A
  • Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for
    cervical cancer in low-income settings
  • HPV testing for cervical cancer
  • PAP cytology test for cervical cancer in
    middle- and high-income settings
  • Mammography screening for breast
    cancer in settings with strong or relatively
    strong health systems.
76
Q

What are the diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung?

A

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

77
Q

These are not curable, however, various forms of treatment that help dilate major air passages and improve shortness of breath can help control symptoms and increase the quality of life for people with the disease.

A

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

78
Q

What are the Chronic Respiratory Diseases?

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  3. Occupational Lung Diseases
  4. Pulmonary Hypertension
79
Q

A common lung condition that causes sporadic breathing difficulties.

80
Q

A chronic disease where in the lining of the
bronchial tubes swell, causing the airways to
narrow and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs.

81
Q

The most common noncommunicable
disease among children.

82
Q

T/F: Globally, 235 million people currently suffer from asthma.

83
Q

T/F: According to WHO, there were 383 000
deaths due to asthma in 2015.

84
Q

A lung disease that is characterized by a persistent reduction of airflow.

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

85
Q

It is caused by a mixture of small airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema).

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

86
Q

Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:

A
  1. Cigarette smoking
  2. Indoor air pollution (such as solid
    fuel used for cooking and heating)
  3. Outdoor air pollution
  4. Occupational dusts and chemicals
    (such as vapors, irritants, and fumes)
  5. Frequent lower respiratory
    infections during childhood

2SCPHLec (13 decks)

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