Unit 3 - Communicable Diseases Part 3 Flashcards
influenza classified into subtypes based on combinations of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA)
Influenza A
2 influenza A viruses currently circulating in humans
A(H1N1) and A(H3N2)
Meaning of “A(H1N1)”
the site of isolation, culture number, and year e.g. A/ Beijing/262/95 (H1N!)
lineages of Influenza B
Yamagata, Victoria
t/f: influenza B is the least stable with antigenic drift and antigenic shift of the H and N antigens producing new strains resposible for epidemics
false, Influenza B
it is the most stable with low pathogenicity (subclinical infection)
Influenza C\
Characterized by a sudden onset of fever, dry cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat, and a runny nose (upper respiratory symptoms)
Influenza
in influenza, uncomplicated illness lasts about _ days
5
severe or secondary infection of influenza
pneumonia sequalae
people highly at risk of influenza
- young children <5 ,
- elderly >= 65
- pregnant women
- chronic medical conditions
- immunosupressive conditions
- healthcare workers
in Influenza, two types of transmission
- respiratory droplets
- direct contact
incubation period of influenza
1 - 5 days (mean of 2 days)
period of communicability of influenza
2 days before onset of symptoms to 5 days after
in the tropics, epidemics tend to occur in the ____
rainy season
while in temperate climates influenza is a disease of the ____ months
winter
in 2010, A(H1N1) ____ which had originated in Mexico in 2009, reached pandemic proportions with cases in all parts of the world but fortunately was not as severe as had been anticipated.
swine flu
years of spanish flu
1918
5 methods of diagnosis for influenza
Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF)
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)
RNA amplification with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) RT- PCR: method of choice in influenza-detection laboratories
treatment for influenza
no treatment, Antiviral agents
reduces the duration of fever and severity of symptoms
antiviral agents
valuable in reducing the development of secondary infection in vulnerable people
antivirals
most effective way to prevent the disease
vaccination
continuously monitors the influenza viruses circulating in humans and updates the composition of influenza vaccines twice a year
WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)
Large family of viruses with widely-spaced projections or spikes on the outer surface of the envelope, suggestive of a solar corona.
Coronavirus
It causes illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-Cov), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Coronavirus
caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
COVID 19
new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans.
COVID 19
Coronavirus are____, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people.
zoonotic
SARS virus originated in a nonhuman host, most likely ___, was amplified in ____ and was transmitted to humans in live animal markets
bats ; palm civets
MERS-CoV likely originated in ___ and became widespread in ____
bats ; camels
2019 coronavirus, there is some evidence it went from a ___ to a ____ before infecting a human in Huanan Market, Wuhan, China
bat ; pangolin
Covid 19 clinical manifestations
respiratory symptoms, fever, malaise, chills, headache, drycough, shortness of breath, breathing difficulties
many patients of covid 19 have ______ chest radiographs and progress rapidly to ___ requriing ventiloaroty support
abnormal chest radiographs ; acute respiratory distress
arrange pandemics in terms of death toll, highest to lowest
plague of justinian
small pox
spanish flu
HIV/AIDS
black death
Black death > Small pox > spanish flu > plague of justinian
age with highest mortality rate of coronavirus pandemic
over 80 years, 14.8%
3 types of transmission of COVID 19
- Respiratory Droplets
- Direct Contact
- air borne transmission
mucus or droplet contaminated surfaces
fomites
dried out droplets become ___ making allowing airborne transmission
aerosolized
aerosols of particles are more likely from these (3) medical procedures
- manual ventilation
- suction
- bronchoscopy
incubatio period of SARS-CoV
average of 6 days
incubation period of MERS CoV
2-13 days
incubation period of COVID 19 (SARS - COV-2)
14 days
mortality rate of SARS cov
10%
mortality rate of MERS CoV
30%
moratlity rate of COVID 19 ( SARS - CoV-2)
3.60%
a measure of how many people each sick person will infect on average
RO (basic reproduction number) of diseases
2 methods of diagnosis of COVID 19
- Nucleic Acid Detection: PCR
- serology: ELISA, indirect immunoflourescent antibody assay, hemagglutination
preferred methods to detect coronavirus nucleic acid in respiratory secretions
Polymerase Chain Reaction
who said “ “It’s not just COVID-19 that is killing people,
it’s underprivilege,
it’s lack of access,
it’s years of living with health conditions that haven’t been properly managed because of the color of your skin, or your ethnicity, or your social group””
Dr. Mike ryan
4 related viruses of Dengue
DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4
2 vectors for dengue virus
aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus
t/f: aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus also spread Zika, and Chikungunya and other virus
TRUE
Dengue Fever Phase: symptoms
sudden-onset fever, headache, mouth and nose bleeding, muscle and joint pains, vomiting, rash, diarrhea
febrile phase
Dengue Fever Phase: symptoms
hypotension, pleural effusion, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding
critical phase
dengue fever phase: symptoms
altered level of consciousness, seizures, itching, slow heartrate
recovery phase
t/f: Dengue incidence increased 30-fold over the last 10 years
false, 50 years
t/f: dengue is sporadic throughout the tropics and subtropics
false, endemic
Dengue fever is most common in _____
southeast asia
Asian” genotypes of DENV-2 and DENV-3 are associated with severe disease accompanying ______
secondary dengue infections
Severe dengue was first recognized in the ____, in year ___
Philippines and Thailand, 1950s
Specific year that the severe dengue was first reported in the Philippines
1953
t/f: dengue is endemic in the philippines
TRUE
t/f: Philippines is 10th in the dengue burden in southeast asia
false, 4th
peak transmission of dengue in the Philippines
rainy season (May-November)
annual average dengue cases in the PH
117,000
case fatality rate of dengue in PH
0.55%
4 economic burden of dengue
loss of productivity
premature death
increased healthcare cost
reduction in tourism
one important driver of the current distribution and incidence of dengue.
climate
was the most important predictor of distribution of degnue
temperature
The geographic ranges of the primary ____mosquito vectors are
expanding.
aedes
This may lead to a greater burden of dengue in _____ and ____ income countries.
low and middle income
t/f: Effective measures are needed to manage
the changing spread and incidence of dengue.
TRUE
body temperature of suspected dengue
40 celcius or 104 farenheit
dengue is characterized by high fever and accompanied by any 2 of the following symptoms, what are these symptoms? (6)
sever headache, retro-orbital pain, mucle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands or rash
t/f: torniquet test is done for dengue
TRUE
t/f: dengue is characterized by a low white cell count
TRUE
4 methods of diagnosis of dengue
- virus cell culture
- PCR: Nucleic Acid Detection [RT-PCR]
- Viral antigen detection: NS1 (nonstructural protein 1)
- Antibody testing (serological test): ELISA
t/f: there is no specific antiviral agents existing for dengue
false, none
4 case management of dengue
- maintaining proper fluid balance
- daily follow up and oral rehydration therapy
- intravenous hydration
- blood transfusion
t/f: there is no prophylaxis available to prevent dengue
TRUE
main method to prevent dengue
combat vector mosquitoes
program recommended by WHO on dengue
Integrated Vector control program
3 vector controls
biologic, chemical, and environmental management
a biologic control used to eliminate mosquitoes from
larger containers used to store potable water
breeding of fish
most commonly used in breeding of fish because they adapt well to confined water bodies
guppies
2 biologic controls to prevent dengue
breeding of fish, predatory copepods
a chemical control, application of long-acting chemical insecticides on the walls and roofs of all in a given area
Indoor residual spraying
Chemical control, Massive , rapid destruction of the adult vector population
Recommended for control only in emergency situations to suppress an ongoing epidemic
Space sprays
Type of environmental management:
Improvement of water supply and water- storage systems
environmental modification
Type of environmental management:
Mosquito-proofing of water-storage containers
Solid waste management
Street cleaning
Building structures
ENvironmental manipulation
type of environmental management:
mosquito screening on windows, doors
mosquito nets
mosquito repellant / clothing
changes to human habitation or behavior
DOH’s 4S kontra dengue
- Search & Destroy breeding places
- Secure self protection
- Seek early consultation
- Support spraying to prevent impending outbreak
immunization for dengue
dengvaxia
dengvaxia is developed by
sanofi pasteur
dengvaxia is licensed in ___, and approved in __ countries
2015, 20 countries
live attenuated dengue vaccine CYD-TDV has been shown in clinical trials to be efficacious and safe in persons who have had a previous dengue virus infection
(seropositive individuals)
Dengvaxia
t/f: dengvaxia carries an increased risk of severe dengue in those who experience their first natural dengue infection after vaccination
(seronegative individuals).
TRUE
For countries considering vaccination as part of their dengue control program, _______ is the recommended strategy
pre-vaccination screening
t/f: Vaccination should be considered as part of an integrated dengue prevention and control strategy.
TRUE
Infect the mosquito population with bacteria of the genus Wolbachia
wolbachia
self-perpetuating intracellular bacteria with disease blocking action
wolbachia
t/f: wolbachia makes humans resistant to dengue virus
false, mosquito not humans
t/f: there is a slow rate of spread of wolbachia in aedes populatiation
TRUE
Bonus: arra so pogii <3? yes or yes
yes
