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2SCPHLec > Unit 3 - Communicable Diseases Part 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Communicable Diseases Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

influenza classified into subtypes based on combinations of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA)

A

Influenza A

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2
Q

2 influenza A viruses currently circulating in humans

A

A(H1N1) and A(H3N2)

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3
Q

Meaning of “A(H1N1)”

A

the site of isolation, culture number, and year e.g. A/ Beijing/262/95 (H1N!)

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4
Q

lineages of Influenza B

A

Yamagata, Victoria

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5
Q

t/f: influenza B is the least stable with antigenic drift and antigenic shift of the H and N antigens producing new strains resposible for epidemics

A

false, Influenza B

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6
Q

it is the most stable with low pathogenicity (subclinical infection)

A

Influenza C\

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7
Q

Characterized by a sudden onset of fever, dry cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat, and a runny nose (upper respiratory symptoms)

A

Influenza

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8
Q

in influenza, uncomplicated illness lasts about _ days

A

5

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9
Q

severe or secondary infection of influenza

A

pneumonia sequalae

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10
Q

people highly at risk of influenza

A
  1. young children <5 ,
  2. elderly >= 65
  3. pregnant women
  4. chronic medical conditions
  5. immunosupressive conditions
  6. healthcare workers
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11
Q

in Influenza, two types of transmission

A
  1. respiratory droplets
  2. direct contact
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12
Q

incubation period of influenza

A

1 - 5 days (mean of 2 days)

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13
Q

period of communicability of influenza

A

2 days before onset of symptoms to 5 days after

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14
Q

in the tropics, epidemics tend to occur in the ____

A

rainy season

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15
Q

while in temperate climates influenza is a disease of the ____ months

A

winter

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16
Q

in 2010, A(H1N1) ____ which had originated in Mexico in 2009, reached pandemic proportions with cases in all parts of the world but fortunately was not as severe as had been anticipated.

A

swine flu

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17
Q

years of spanish flu

A

1918

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18
Q

5 methods of diagnosis for influenza

A

Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF)
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)
RNA amplification with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) RT- PCR: method of choice in influenza-detection laboratories

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19
Q

treatment for influenza

A

no treatment, Antiviral agents

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20
Q

reduces the duration of fever and severity of symptoms

A

antiviral agents

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21
Q

valuable in reducing the development of secondary infection in vulnerable people

A

antivirals

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22
Q

most effective way to prevent the disease

A

vaccination

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23
Q

continuously monitors the influenza viruses circulating in humans and updates the composition of influenza vaccines twice a year

A

WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)

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24
Q

Large family of viruses with widely-spaced projections or spikes on the outer surface of the envelope, suggestive of a solar corona.

A

Coronavirus

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25
Q

It causes illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-Cov), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

A

Coronavirus

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26
Q

caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

A

COVID 19

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27
Q

new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans.

A

COVID 19

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28
Q

Coronavirus are____, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people.

A

zoonotic

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29
Q

SARS virus originated in a nonhuman host, most likely ___, was amplified in ____ and was transmitted to humans in live animal markets

A

bats ; palm civets

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30
Q

MERS-CoV likely originated in ___ and became widespread in ____

A

bats ; camels

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31
Q

2019 coronavirus, there is some evidence it went from a ___ to a ____ before infecting a human in Huanan Market, Wuhan, China

A

bat ; pangolin

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32
Q

Covid 19 clinical manifestations

A

respiratory symptoms, fever, malaise, chills, headache, drycough, shortness of breath, breathing difficulties

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33
Q

many patients of covid 19 have ______ chest radiographs and progress rapidly to ___ requriing ventiloaroty support

A

abnormal chest radiographs ; acute respiratory distress

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34
Q

arrange pandemics in terms of death toll, highest to lowest

plague of justinian
small pox
spanish flu
HIV/AIDS
black death

A

Black death > Small pox > spanish flu > plague of justinian

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35
Q

age with highest mortality rate of coronavirus pandemic

A

over 80 years, 14.8%

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36
Q

3 types of transmission of COVID 19

A
  1. Respiratory Droplets
  2. Direct Contact
  3. air borne transmission
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37
Q

mucus or droplet contaminated surfaces

A

fomites

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38
Q

dried out droplets become ___ making allowing airborne transmission

A

aerosolized

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39
Q

aerosols of particles are more likely from these (3) medical procedures

A
  1. manual ventilation
  2. suction
  3. bronchoscopy
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40
Q

incubatio period of SARS-CoV

A

average of 6 days

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41
Q

incubation period of MERS CoV

A

2-13 days

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42
Q

incubation period of COVID 19 (SARS - COV-2)

A

14 days

43
Q

mortality rate of SARS cov

A

10%

44
Q

mortality rate of MERS CoV

A

30%

45
Q

moratlity rate of COVID 19 ( SARS - CoV-2)

A

3.60%

46
Q

a measure of how many people each sick person will infect on average

A

RO (basic reproduction number) of diseases

47
Q

2 methods of diagnosis of COVID 19

A
  1. Nucleic Acid Detection: PCR
  2. serology: ELISA, indirect immunoflourescent antibody assay, hemagglutination
48
Q

preferred methods to detect coronavirus nucleic acid in respiratory secretions

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

49
Q

who said “ “It’s not just COVID-19 that is killing people,
it’s underprivilege,
it’s lack of access,
it’s years of living with health conditions that haven’t been properly managed because of the color of your skin, or your ethnicity, or your social group””

A

Dr. Mike ryan

50
Q

4 related viruses of Dengue

A

DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4

51
Q

2 vectors for dengue virus

A

aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus

52
Q

t/f: aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus also spread Zika, and Chikungunya and other virus

A

TRUE

53
Q

Dengue Fever Phase: symptoms
sudden-onset fever, headache, mouth and nose bleeding, muscle and joint pains, vomiting, rash, diarrhea

A

febrile phase

54
Q

Dengue Fever Phase: symptoms
hypotension, pleural effusion, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding

A

critical phase

55
Q

dengue fever phase: symptoms
altered level of consciousness, seizures, itching, slow heartrate

A

recovery phase

56
Q

t/f: Dengue incidence increased 30-fold over the last 10 years

A

false, 50 years

57
Q

t/f: dengue is sporadic throughout the tropics and subtropics

A

false, endemic

58
Q

Dengue fever is most common in _____

A

southeast asia

59
Q

Asian” genotypes of DENV-2 and DENV-3 are associated with severe disease accompanying ______

A

secondary dengue infections

60
Q

Severe dengue was first recognized in the ____, in year ___

A

Philippines and Thailand, 1950s

61
Q

Specific year that the severe dengue was first reported in the Philippines

A

1953

62
Q

t/f: dengue is endemic in the philippines

A

TRUE

63
Q

t/f: Philippines is 10th in the dengue burden in southeast asia

A

false, 4th

64
Q

peak transmission of dengue in the Philippines

A

rainy season (May-November)

65
Q

annual average dengue cases in the PH

A

117,000

66
Q

case fatality rate of dengue in PH

A

0.55%

67
Q

4 economic burden of dengue

A

loss of productivity
premature death
increased healthcare cost
reduction in tourism

68
Q

one important driver of the current distribution and incidence of dengue.

A

climate

69
Q

was the most important predictor of distribution of degnue

A

temperature

70
Q

The geographic ranges of the primary ____mosquito vectors are
expanding.

A

aedes

71
Q

This may lead to a greater burden of dengue in _____ and ____ income countries.

A

low and middle income

72
Q

t/f: Effective measures are needed to manage
the changing spread and incidence of dengue.

A

TRUE

73
Q

body temperature of suspected dengue

A

40 celcius or 104 farenheit

74
Q

dengue is characterized by high fever and accompanied by any 2 of the following symptoms, what are these symptoms? (6)

A

sever headache, retro-orbital pain, mucle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands or rash

75
Q

t/f: torniquet test is done for dengue

A

TRUE

76
Q

t/f: dengue is characterized by a low white cell count

A

TRUE

77
Q

4 methods of diagnosis of dengue

A
  1. virus cell culture
  2. PCR: Nucleic Acid Detection [RT-PCR]
  3. Viral antigen detection: NS1 (nonstructural protein 1)
  4. Antibody testing (serological test): ELISA
78
Q

t/f: there is no specific antiviral agents existing for dengue

A

false, none

79
Q

4 case management of dengue

A
  1. maintaining proper fluid balance
  2. daily follow up and oral rehydration therapy
  3. intravenous hydration
  4. blood transfusion
80
Q

t/f: there is no prophylaxis available to prevent dengue

A

TRUE

81
Q

main method to prevent dengue

A

combat vector mosquitoes

82
Q

program recommended by WHO on dengue

A

Integrated Vector control program

83
Q

3 vector controls

A

biologic, chemical, and environmental management

84
Q

a biologic control used to eliminate mosquitoes from
larger containers used to store potable water

A

breeding of fish

85
Q

most commonly used in breeding of fish because they adapt well to confined water bodies

A

guppies

86
Q

2 biologic controls to prevent dengue

A

breeding of fish, predatory copepods

87
Q

a chemical control, application of long-acting chemical insecticides on the walls and roofs of all in a given area

A

Indoor residual spraying

88
Q

Chemical control, Massive , rapid destruction of the adult vector population
Recommended for control only in emergency situations to suppress an ongoing epidemic

A

Space sprays

89
Q

Type of environmental management:
Improvement of water supply and water- storage systems

A

environmental modification

90
Q

Type of environmental management:
Mosquito-proofing of water-storage containers
Solid waste management
Street cleaning
Building structures

A

ENvironmental manipulation

91
Q

type of environmental management:
mosquito screening on windows, doors
mosquito nets
mosquito repellant / clothing

A

changes to human habitation or behavior

92
Q

DOH’s 4S kontra dengue

A
  1. Search & Destroy breeding places
  2. Secure self protection
  3. Seek early consultation
  4. Support spraying to prevent impending outbreak
93
Q

immunization for dengue

A

dengvaxia

94
Q

dengvaxia is developed by

A

sanofi pasteur

95
Q

dengvaxia is licensed in ___, and approved in __ countries

A

2015, 20 countries

96
Q

live attenuated dengue vaccine CYD-TDV has been shown in clinical trials to be efficacious and safe in persons who have had a previous dengue virus infection
(seropositive individuals)

A

Dengvaxia

97
Q

t/f: dengvaxia carries an increased risk of severe dengue in those who experience their first natural dengue infection after vaccination
(seronegative individuals).

A

TRUE

98
Q

For countries considering vaccination as part of their dengue control program, _______ is the recommended strategy

A

pre-vaccination screening

99
Q

t/f: Vaccination should be considered as part of an integrated dengue prevention and control strategy.

A

TRUE

100
Q

Infect the mosquito population with bacteria of the genus Wolbachia

A

wolbachia

101
Q

self-perpetuating intracellular bacteria with disease blocking action

A

wolbachia

102
Q

t/f: wolbachia makes humans resistant to dengue virus

A

false, mosquito not humans

103
Q

t/f: there is a slow rate of spread of wolbachia in aedes populatiation

A

TRUE

104
Q

Bonus: arra so pogii <3? yes or yes

A

yes

2SCPHLec (13 decks)

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