Air Pollution Flashcards
“means any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen,
nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases all in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment,”
Air pollutant
air pollutants includes but not limited to smoke, dust, ___, ___, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists, contaminated steam and radioactive substances;
soot, and cinder
means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties
of the atmosphere, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health,
air pollution
t/f: air pollution adversely affect utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate purposes
TRUE
refers to the atmosphere’s average purity in a broad area as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution or the present characteristic or nature of the surrounding atmosphere
Ambient Air quality
means the concentration of an air pollutant which, in
order to protect public health and/or public welfare, shall not be exceeded in the breathing zone, at any time.
Ambient air quality standard
t/f: ambient air quality standards are enforceable and must be complied with by the owner or person in-charge of an industrial operation, process or trade
TRUE
Leading global risk factor for climate change and health
air pollution
WHO: __ % of the people living in the urban areas are exposed to
poor air quality.
80%
These episodes were caused by the large-scale burning of ___ in the presence of “ideal” meteorologic conditions—atmospheric inversion leading to a stagnant air mass.
coal
t/f: health risk of airpollution includes stroke
TRUE
t/f: health risk of airpollution includes heart disease
TRUE
t/f: health risk of airpollution includes musculoskeletal disorders
FALSE
t/f: health risk of airpollution includes lung cancer
TRUE
t/f: health risk of airpollution includes only acute respiratory diseases
false chronic and acute
t/f: Economic cost of airpollution includes healthcare enhancement
false, expendititures
t/f: Economic cost of airpollution includes Productivity loss due to illness and premature deaths
TRUE
t/f: Economic cost of airpollution includes Environmental damage
TRUE
t/f: Economic cost of airpollution includes increase of income, poor tourism, deters foreign investors
false, loss of income
in the total environement, ___ % of all estimated global deaths are linked to environment
24%
in household air pollution, ___ deaths every year as a result of exposure to indoor smoke from cooking fuels
3.2 million
in ambient air pollution, ____ deaths every year as a result of exposure to find particulate matter
4.2 million
t/f: according ot the fraction of deaths and DALYs in 2016, there are more deaths attributable to environment
FALSE
top 3 most polluted countries or territories
chad
iraq
pakistan
top 3 least polluted countries or territories
guam
french polynesia
US virgin islands
micrograms per cubic meter of air pollution in philippines
14.9
year where PM2.5 concentration was the highest and how many micrograms
17.6;2019
year where PM2.5 concentration was the lowest and how many micrograms
12.8; 2020
Annual average of PM2.5 concentration prescribed by the WHO
5 micrograms per cubic meter or less
type of pollution source: such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains
mobile
type of pollution source: power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, and factories
stationary
type of pollution source: such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fireplaces
area
type of pollution source: such as wind-blown dust, wildfires, and volcanoes
natural
most visible form of air pollution
particulate matter
The smoke, soot, and ash that were so typical of the Industrial Revolution
particulate matter
produced by combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, especially coal.
sulfur dioxide
Irritates the respiratory tract
sulfur dioxide
most significant impact is as a precursor to acid rain, a major threat to the environment.
sulfur dioxide
highly toxic gas, most of which is produced in motor vehicle exhaust.
carbon monoxide
interferes with the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and is harmful to patients with CVD, who are more likely to suffer heart attacks when exposed to higher concentrations of the pollutant.
carbon monoxide
chemicals responsible for the yellowish-brown appearance of smog
nitrogen oxides
contribute to the formation of ozone.
nitrogen oxides
sources are on-road motor vehicle exhaust, off-road equipment, and power plant emissions
nitrogen oxides
ighly reactive variant of oxygen, is produced by photochemical reactions in which sunlight acts on other air pollutants including nitrogen oxides.
nitrogen oxides
Very irritating to the eyes and to the respiratory system,
nitrogen oxides
Chronic exposure can cause permanent dam- age to the lungs.
ozone
highly toxic metal that can damage the nervous system, blood, and kidneys, posing a special risk to the development of children’s intellectual abilities.
lead
main source of lead as an air pollutant was the use of ____, which was phased out in most countries.
leaded gasoline
Clean air act RA ___
Ra 8749
Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 8749, contained in the Department Administrative Order ___ of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),
2000-8
formulated to expedite compliance of establishments having air pollution source equipment with DENR
standards and requirements. The following pages are highlights of the Clean Air Act relevant to LGUs, women and small businesses.
IRR of RA8749 AO 2000-8
year enacted clean air act
1999
Clean Air act: Formulate a ___ national program of air pollution that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of function and activities;
holistic
Clean Air act:Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizen and industries through the application of ____ market-based instruments;
incentives
Clean Air act: Focus primarily on pollution ___ rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive management program on air pollution;
prevention
Clean Air act: Promote public information and education to encourage the participation of an ___ and ___ public in air quality planning and monitoring; and
informed and active
Clean Air act: Formulate and enforce a system of ____ for short and long term adverse environmental impact of a project, program or activity. This shall include setting up of a ___ or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and environmental rehabilitation and ____ for personal damages.
accountability; funding; compensation
Agency: inspection of motor vehicles and the testing of their emissions
DOTC, DTI, and DENR
Agency: shall set specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products, to improve fuel composition for increased efficiency and reduced emissions.
DOE (dept. of energy)
Agency: shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases.
PAGASA
Agency: with the DENR shall regulate all projects which will involve the use of atomic and/or nuclear energy, and will entail release of radioactive substances into the environment, incident to the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials, handling, transport , production , storage and use of radioactive materials.
PNRI
Agency: shall encourage participation of government agencies and the private sector, academe, environmental groups and other private entities in a multi-sectoral campaign.
DepEd, CHED, DILG, PIA
Future Prospect: Implementing stricter regulations on emissions from vehicles, industries, and power plants is crucial.
Stricter Regulations and Enforcement
Future Prospect: Shifting towards renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power can significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels,
invesment in clean energy
Future Prospect: Incentivizing the adoption of electric vehicles through subsidies, tax breaks, and infrastructure development (charging stations) can help reduce emissions from the transportation sector.
Promotion of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Future Prospect: Investing in efficient and environmentally friendly public transportation systems, such as buses and trains
Improving Public Transportation
Future Prospect: Implementing green urban planning strategies, such as increasing green spaces, promoting mixed land use development, and improving pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, can help mitigate air pollution in cities.
Green urban planning
Future Prospect: Educating the public about the health impacts of air pollution and the importance of sustainable practices can foster a culture of environmental consciousness
Public awareness campaigns
Future Prospect: Collaboration with other countries and international organizations can facilitate the exchange of knowledge, technology, and best practices for combating air pollution.
international collaboration
Future Prospect: investing in research and development of innovative technologies for air pollution monitoring, control, and mitigation can lead to breakthrough solutions
research and innovation
Future Prospect: Engaging local communities in decision-making processes and empowering them to participate in environmental protection initiatives can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to more sustainable outcomes.
Community engagement
Future Prospect: Ensuring that air quality improvement measures are integrated into broader policy frameworks
Policy integration
