Unit 3 - Communicable Diseases Part 4 Flashcards
spread from one person to another through a variety of ways
Communicable diseases
are defined as disorders caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi that can be spread directly or indirectly (vector-borne) from one individual to another.
infectious diseases
medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of complex infections.
infectiology
healthcare acquired infections
nosocomial
t/f: an infectious disease specialist’s practice consists of managing nosocomial and community-acquired infections
TRUE
t/f: an infectious disease specialist is historically associated with travel medicine and tropical medicine
TRUE
is an interdisciplinary branch of medicine that deals with health issues that occur uniquely, are more widespread, or are more difficult to control in tropical and subtropical regions.
tropical medicine
t/f: a physician in the field of tropical medicine must be knowledgeable in the 3 lesser known neglected tropical diseases
false, 18
He was concered on the maternal mortality due to childbed fever in first and second clinics
Ignas Philipp Semmelweis
his work represented the first scientific attempt to control an infectious disease by the deliberate use of vaccination.
Edward Jenner
introduced the small pox vaccine
edward jenner
Directed the World Health Organization Smallpox Eradication Program
Dr. D.A. Henderson
A British physician who is considered one of the founders of epidemiology for his work identifying the source of a cholera outbreak in 1854.
John Snow
Explores the relationship of agent, host, and environment, as well as their importance
epidemiologic triad
infectious microorganism or pathogen: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe
agent
t/f: presence of that agent alone is not always sufficient to cause disease
TRUE
Refers to the human who can get the disease
host
t/f: animals may also be hosts of certain diseases
TRUE
A variety of factors intrinsic to the host can influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility
risk factors
Refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure
environment
Opportunities for exposure are often influenced by ___ and ___ susceptibility
behaviors and physiologic
Environmental factors include (3)
physical, biologic, socioeconomic
refers to the spread of infection (or agent) from a source to a susceptible host
chain of infection
useful framework in the design of prevention and control measures as specific strategies can be aimed at various points along it
chain of infection
Strategies or actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability, or if none of these are feasible , retarding the progress of disease and disability.
prevention
Ongoing operations at reducing the:
- Incidence of Disease
- Duration of disease
- Effects of the disease - Burden to community
control
Reduction in the risk and severity of a disease at the individual level
prevention
Reduction in the frequency and severity of a disease at the community level
control
viral infection that
causes inflammation of both the brain and the spinal cord (Siebert).
rabies
Rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning that it is a disease that is transmitted to humans via ____ reservoirs
domestic and animal
t/f: the most common way Rabies is spread is through saliva
TRUE
t/f: Not only can rabies be transmitted through bites, but also through licking
TRUE
t/f: The rabies virus can pass through intact skin, and enter skin that is punctured or open
false, cannot pass through intact skin
any person/animal around an infected animal is a ____ Rabies.
susceptible host
A tool designed to facilitate consistency in the
implementation of the National Rabies Prevention and Control Program among clinicians, health service providers, program managers and coordinators and other stakeholders nationwide.
National Rabies Prevention and Control Program Manual of Procedures (MOP)
The manual presents step by step reference guides for all health professionals to aid in the proper diagnosis of cases of animal bites and human rabies; as well as to deliver evidence-based management for patients and special group of people.
National Rabies Prevention and Control Program Manual of Procedures (MOP)
__ % positive cases are from canine samples
96%
__ % rabies cases are owned
72%
__% of rabies cases were either free-roaming or
occasionally roaming
88%
who said “Let’s destroy the virus and be done with it… We would be better off spending our money in better ways.” on WHO’s eradixation effort
D. A. Henderson
t/f: as of 2014, debate over small pox virus destruction was still ongoing
TRUE
One concern is that the molecular sequence of the virus is publicly known, meaning that, even if all smallpox viruses are eliminated, someone could ____ it in a laboratory and loose it on the world
synthesize
Resides only in humans and enters the environment in the feces of someone who’s infected
Polio
mode of transmission of polio
fecal-oral route
In the U.S., the polio vaccine is
recommended to be given at the following ages (4)
• 2 months
• 4 months
• Between 6 and 18 months
• Between 4 and 6 years
portal of exit of polio (4)
- Respiratory secretions
- Ingestion of contaminated food or water
- Going to the bathroom
portal of entry of polio (3)
Eyes • Nose • Mouth
Susceptible host of polio (3)
Pregnant Women
• Infants and young
children
• Those with weak
immune system
t/f: poliovirus, like smallpox virus, infects human beings only
TRUE
three countries with endemic polio (3)
Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan
On ____ date, an outbreak of polio was
declared in the Philippines.
September 19, 2019
public-private partnership led by
national governments with five partners – the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Its goal is to eradicate polio worldwide.
global polio eradication initiative
DOH extended its _____ campaign to ensure that no child is left unvaccinated and to boost protection for those already vaccinated.
Sabayang Patak Kontra Polio (SPKP)
Before a vaccine was available, almost all children contracted measles, causing ___ to ___ deaths a year in the United States
400 - 500
____ cases of chronic disability from measles encephalitis.
4000
measle vaccine became available in ___ year
1963
n 1978, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services set a goal to eradicate measles from this country by ___
1982
t/f: in eradication of measles, One problem was that outbreaks of measles began to occur among high school and college students who had been vaccinated as babies.
TRUE
aslo known as Rubeola virus
Measles
Reservoir of Measles (3)
respiratory tracts, nasal passages, throats
portal of exit of measles
droplets/secretions leaving mouth or nose generated in respiratory system
means of transmission of measles (2)
Airborne, Droplets
Portal of entry of measles (2)
mouth and nose
susceptible hosts of measles (2)
• People that have not been vaccinated
• Someone who was in the same area, at the same time, or within 2 hours after of an infected person
symptoms of true measles a baby could develop are (2)
rashes and blindness or photophobia
tigdas is also called
three day measles or german measles
year: First mention of preventative inoculations in writing in China (smallpox)
16th century
year: Englishman Edward Jenner introduces the first scientific method of vaccination
1796
year: Smallpox vaccinations become mandatory in the UK
1853
year: Frenchman Louis Pasteur develops the first live virus vaccine (rabies)
1885
year: First virus discovered
1892 - 1898
year: Development of tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough vaccines
1920 - 1926
year: First vaccine against the flu
1944
year: First combination vaccines (DTP – diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough)
1950 - 1960
year: First genetically engineered vaccine (hepatitis B)
1986
New type of vaccine that uses fragments of mRNA or DNA to produce an adaptive immune response through the host cells, producing copies of that target antigen
nucleic acid vaccine
vaccine that Elicits both antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses
nucleic acid vaccine
t/f: booster is required for nucleic acid vaccine
TRUE
vaccine Uses a killed version of the virus to generate immunity
inactivated vaccine
vaccine that Elicits neutralizing antibodies without a cell-mediated
response
inactivated vaccine
vaccine that Can be safely given to immunocompromised patients
inactivated vaccine
proven vaccine technology already in use for several
diseases (hepatitis A, influenza, polio, rabies)
inactivated vaccine
t/f: booster dose is need for inactivated vaccine
TRUE
Uses modified non-coronaviruses (adenoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus) expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
Viral vector
this vaccine has Potential safety concerns in immunocompromised patients
iviral vector
t/f: in viral vector vaccines, Host immunity to the viral vector ma reduce vaccine efficacy
TRUE
t/f: viral vector vaccines need booster dose
FALSE
Uses recombinant viral proteins to induce immune response
protein vaccine
Proven vaccine technology already in use for many diseases
(e.g., hepatitis B, HPV, pertussis, herpes zoster)
protein vaccine
t/f: protein vaccine can be safe for immunocompromised
TRUE
t/f: booster dose is not needed for protein vaccine
FALSE
believed to be related to both vaccine hesitancy and vaccine acceptance
vaccine confidence
Refers to delay or refusal of
vaccines despite availability of vaccine services, and is complex and context specific, varying across time, place and vaccine
vaccine hesitancy
Characterized in terms of vaccine uptake/coverage or adherence to recommended schedule and measured by past behavior and/or intentions or willingness to comply in the future
vaccine acceptance
Taxonomy for vaccine uptake (5)
access, affordability, awareness, acceptance, activation
The ability of individuals to be reached by, or to reach, recommended vaccines
acess
The ability of individuals to afford vaccination, both in terms of financial and non-financial costs (e.g., time)
affordability
The degree to which individuals have knowledge of the need for, and availability of, recommended vaccines and their objective benefits and risks
awareness
The degree to which individuals accept, question or refuse vaccination
acceptance
The degree to which individuals are nudged towards vaccination uptake (sometimes done through the school)
activation
opposed compulsory smallpox vaccination from the final decades of the 19th century through the 1910s
Anti-Vaccination Society of America
anti-vaccination society of america was founded by ____
William Tebb
tuberculosis Resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin
Multidrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB)
months of treatment of MDR TB
Intensive (6-9 months), continuation phase (18 months)
months of treatment for XDR TB
intense phase (6-12 months), continuation phase (18 months)
tuberculosis Resistant to best 2nd line drugs
extremely drug resistant TB
Strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are resistant to most of the antibiotics and other medications commonly used to treat the infections they cause.
superbugs
s an infection that can be passed through vaginal, oral or anal sex.
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
new name of STDs
STBBIs (Sexually transmitted and blood borne infections)
t/f: the word infection is more accurate because some conditions may or may not have visible symptoms
TRUE
STBBIs: n infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
chlamydia
t/f: People with
chlamydia most often do not show symptoms.
TRUE
STBBIs: an infection caused by the Herpes simplex
genital herpes
t/f: people with genital herpes remain infected for the rest of their lives
TRUE
STBBIs: infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
gonorrhea
t/f: you can only have gonorrhea once in your life
false, more than once
STBBIs: inflammations of the liver caused by different viruses.
Hep A, B, C
t/f: some of HPVs can be transmitted sexually
TRUE
STBBIs: n infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
t/f: LGV is symptomatic
FALSE, does not always show symptoms
STBBIs: infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
Syphilis
t/f: syphilis may be asymptomatic
TRUE
refers to the process of providing an individual with information on the biomedical aspects of HIV AIDS, and emotional support to any psychological implications of under going HIV testing and the test result itself before the individual is subjected to the test;
pretest counseling
refers to a preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to pathogen(HIV) in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of the disease;
post exposure prophylaxis
refers to the process of providing risk- reduction information and emotional support to a person who submitted to HIV testing at the time the result is released;
post-test counseling
efers to the process by which the “index client”, “source”, or “patient” who has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) including HIV, is given support in order to notify and advise the partners that have been exposed to infection. Support includes giving the index client a mechanism to encourage the client’s partner to attend counseling, testing and other prevention and treatment services. Confidentiality shall be observed in the entire process;
partner notification
NRL for AIDS/HIV
SACCL (STD AIDS Cooperative Center Laboratory)
a non-stock, non-profit foundation registered under the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines, is an HIV and AIDS advocacy foundation composed of advocates, supporters and persons living with HIV (PLHIV)
project red ribbon
central advisory, planning and policy-making body for the comprehensive and integrated HIV/AIDS prevention and control program in the Philippines.”
PNAC (philippine national aids council)
leading association of individuals from the government, non-government agencies, and the private sector, with a common unifying interest in preventing the spread of HIV and AIDS.
ASP
ASP was established in 1996 by its Founding President, Dr. ____
Ofelia Monzon
Roughly ___ in ____ people living with HIV is b e i n gdenied health services because of stigma and discrimination.
one in 8 people
refers to the voluntary agreement of a person to undergo or be subjected to a procedure based on full information, whether such permission is written or conveyed verbally;
informed consent
refers to those groups or persons at higher risk of HIV exposure, or affected populations whose behavior make them likely to be exposed to HIV or to transmit the virus
key affected populations
refers to the legal principle that recognizes the capacity of some minors to consent independently to medical procedures, if they have been assessed by qualified health professionals to understand the nature of procedures and their consequences to make a decision on their own;
mature minor doctrine
refers to the core duty of medical practice where the information provided by the patient to health practitioner and his/her health status is kept private and is not divulged to third parties.
medical confidentiality
an infectious disease of the liver caused by the Hepatitis B Virus.
Hepatitis B
t/f: hepatitis can be spread unknowingly
TRUE
treatment for antibiotic resistant Neisseria Gonorrhea
ceftriaxone
