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2SCPHLec > Unit 3 - Communicable Diseases Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Communicable Diseases Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

are infections that have newly appeared in a population or have existed previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.

A

Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)

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2
Q

3 examples of EIDs

A

HIV/AIDS, vCJD, SARS

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3
Q

2 examples reemerging diseases

A

Chikungunya, Influenza

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4
Q

diseases that reappear after they have been on a significant decline.

A

reemerging diseases

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5
Q

may happen because of a breakdown in public health measures for diseases that were once under control.

A

reemergence

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6
Q

appen when new strains of known disease- causing organisms appear.

A

reemergence

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7
Q

t/f: Human behavior affects reemergence

A

TRUE

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8
Q

are spread predominantly by unprotected sexual contact. Some STIs can also be transmitted during pregnancy, childbirth an

A

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

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9
Q

4 ways STIs can also be transmitted

A

pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, blood

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10
Q

serious consequences of untreated STI

A

neurological, cardiovascular, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirths, HIV

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11
Q

STI are associated with __,__, affecting quality of life

A

stigma, and domestic violence

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12
Q

t/f: majority of STIs have no symptoms

A

TRUE

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13
Q

symptoms of STIs

A

vaginal or urethral discharge, genital ulcer, lower abdominal pain

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14
Q

most common and curable STIs are (4)

A

trichomonas, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

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15
Q

rapidly increasing ____ is a growing threat for untreatable gonorrhoea

A

antimicrobial resistance

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16
Q

modes of transmission of STDs

A

More easily: mucous membranes of penis, vulva, rectum, urinary tract
Less often: mouth, throat, respiratory tract, and eyes

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17
Q

primary source of infection of STDs in asceding order

A
  1. venereal fluids
  2. saliva
  3. mucosal or skin (penis)
  4. feces
  5. urine
  6. sweat
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18
Q

4 risk factors of STDs

A
  1. Increased number of partners
  2. inconsistent condom use
  3. breaks in skin
  4. severity of your partner’s infection (as measured by things like viral load)
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19
Q

is a virus that attachs cells that help the body fight infection

A

Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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20
Q

t/f: there is no cure for HIV but it is treatable with medicine

A

TRUE

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21
Q

medical condition where in immune system is too weak to fight infections

A

AIDS

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22
Q

stage of HIV: people have a large amount of HIV in their blood and are very contagious

A

acute

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23
Q

stage of HIV: many people have flu-like symptoms

A

acute

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24
Q

stage of HIV: asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency

A

chronic

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25
Q

stage of HIV: HIV is still active, and continues to reproduce

A

chronic

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26
Q

stage of HIV: not sick but can transmit

A

chronic

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27
Q

stage of HIV: most severe stage

A

AIDS

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28
Q

stage of HIV: high viral load and may easily transmit HIV

A

AIDS

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29
Q

stage of HIV: badly damaged immune systems, increasing opportunistic infections

A

AIDS

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30
Q

t/f: without HIV treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about __ years

A

3 years

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31
Q

HIV damages the immune system by killing __ cells

A

CD4 cells

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32
Q

without HIV medications, HIV advances to AIDS in about ___ years

A

10 years

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33
Q

4 principles of HIV transmission

A

exit -> survive -> sufficiency -> entry

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34
Q

if you engage in behaviors that may increase your chances of getting HIV, ask you health care provided if ___ is right for you

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

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35
Q

if you think youve been exposed to HIV within the last 3 days, ask a health care provided about ___ right away

A

Post exposure prophylaxic (PEP)

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36
Q

PEP can prevent HIV but it must be started within ___ hours

A

72 hours

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37
Q

t/f: if you have an undetectable viral load, you will not transmit HIV through sex

A

TRUE

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38
Q

total number of HIV infections rose by___% from 74 807 to 109 282, between 2019 and 2022.

A

31.54%

39
Q

HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines, December 2022. The number of new HIV infections increased by ___, from 12 778 to 14 970, in the same period.

A

14.64%

40
Q

key populations of HIV (5)

A
  1. MSM
  2. transgender women
  3. sex workers
  4. trafficked women and girls
  5. people who inject drugs
41
Q

Law for AIDS Control

A

RA 8504: Philippines AIDS control and prevention Act of 1998

42
Q

AN ACT PROMULGATING POLICIES AND PRESCRIBING
MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HIV/AIDS
IN THE PHILIPPINES, INSTITUTING ANATIONWIDE HIV/AIDS
INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM, ESTABLISHING A
COMPREHENSIVE HIV/AIDS MONITORING SYSTEM,
STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL AIDS COUNCIL, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”

A

RA8504: philipines aids control and prevention act of 1998

43
Q

in RA8504, ages allowed for voluntary HIV testing and counseling without parental consent

A

15-17

44
Q

in RA8504, 6 year ___ serves as a roadmap for government, civil society, and private sector to prevent and control the spread of HIV in teh country

A

AIDS Medium Term Plam (AMTP)

45
Q

caused by pathogenic microbes small enough to be discharged from an infected person via coughing, sneezing, laughing and close personal contact or aerosolization of the microbe.

A

airborne infections

46
Q

discharged microbes remain suspended in the air on dust particles, respiratory and water droplets. Illness is caused when the microbe is inhaled or contacts mucus membranes or when secretions remaining on a surface are touched.

A

airborne infections

47
Q

Coughs and sneezes
can spread droplets of saliva and mucus

A

droplet transmission

48
Q

Tiny particles, possibly produced by talking, are suspended in the air for longer and travel further

A

Airborne transmissions

49
Q

difference in size of droplet and airborne transmisison

A

droplet: more than 5 microns
airborne: less than 5 microns

50
Q

can travel within and beyond 1 meter, float in air for hours, and inhaled

A

aerosols

51
Q

can travel less than 1 meter, fall to ground in 5 seconds, cannot be inhaled

A

droplets

52
Q

Influenza __ and ___ viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease.

A

A and B

53
Q

Influenza further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the proteins on the surface of the virus and are the only type that have caused pandemics

A

Influenza A

54
Q

not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. Influenza type ___ viruses belong to either Yamagata or Victoria lineage.

A

Influenza B

55
Q

Detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance.

A

Influenza C

56
Q

primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.

A

Influenza D

57
Q

Influenza causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths annually.Ninety- nine percent of deaths in children under __ years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are in developing countries.

A

5

58
Q

in influenza. Symptoms begin ___ days after infection and usually last around a week.

A

1 - 4 days

59
Q

global outbreak of a new influenza A virus that is very different from current and recently circulating human seasonal influenza A viruses.

A

influenza pandemic

60
Q

t/f: influenza A constantly changing, making it possible on very rare occasions for non- human influenza viruses to change in such a way that they can infect people easily and spread efficiently from person to person

A

TRUE

61
Q

treatment of influenza includes use of antiviral agents within first __ days

A

2

62
Q

___ should not be given to children when treating influenza

A

aspirin

63
Q

antibiotics should be given only to complication of influenza like ___ and ___

A

pneumonia and otitis media

64
Q

t/f: influenza is the only respiratory virus preventable by vaccination

A

TRUE

65
Q

in 2017 - 2018, flu vaccine’s effectiveness was __%

A

40%

66
Q

delay ni acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services

A

vaccine hesitancy

67
Q

caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A

Tuberculosis

68
Q

The bacteria usually attack the ___ but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain.

A

lungs

69
Q

t/f: everyone infected with TB becomes sick

A

false, not everyone

70
Q

infection is acquired by ___ of M. tuberculosis in aerosols and dust (airborne transmission)

A

inhalation

71
Q

the organisms of M. tuberculosis has ___ outer coat that can withstand drying and survive fro long periods in air and house dust

A

waxy outer coat

72
Q

One cough of TB can release ____ droplet nuclei.

A

3,000

73
Q

as few as __ MTB bacilli are necessary for human infection

A

5

74
Q

the philippines is one of the ___ high burden countries for tuberculosis ackbnowledge by WHO

A

22

75
Q

tuberculosis is the __ leading cause of mortality in the philippines

A

6th

76
Q

t/f: tuberculosis is not curable

A

FALSE

77
Q

the treatment for TB is a combination of __ - __ anti TB drugs

A

3-4

78
Q

t/f: never should we prescribe a single drug for TB treatment, as this will worsen the patient’s condition

A

TRUE

79
Q

Process of how drug resistant bacteria is created (4 steps)

A
  1. some bacteria will mutate and become antibiotic resistant strain
  2. when antibiotics are added, sensitive strains are killed but no effect on resistant strain
  3. antibiotic strain multiplies
  4. they transfer drug-resistance to other bacteria
80
Q

Type of Drug Resistant TB: manifest resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin

A

Multi-drug resistant

81
Q

type of drug resistant TB: MDR strains that offer additional resistance to any flouroquinolone plut atleast either linezolid or bedaquiline

A

Extensively-Drug resistant TB

82
Q

t/f: incorrect prescribing may cause drug resistance

A

TRUE

83
Q

t/f: irregular supply of drug may cause drug resistance

A

TRUE

84
Q

t/f: patient non adherance mayc ause drug resistance

A

TRUE

85
Q

t/f: high grade quality of drugs may cause drug resistance

A

FALSE

86
Q

drug resistant TB accounts for about ___ deaths from antimicrobial resistance

A

1 in 3

87
Q

Loss to follow up among drug susceptible cases is___

A

low

88
Q

But the loss to follow-up rate among drug resistant TB cases is ___

A

high

89
Q

DOTS cure TB patients and it can produce cure rates as high as __% even in the poorest countries

A

95%

90
Q

t/f: DOTS prevent new infections among children and adults

A

TRUE

91
Q

t/f: DOTS cannot stop resistance to anti-TB drugs.

A

false, it can

92
Q

t/f: DOTS is cost-effective.

A

TRUE

93
Q

meaning of DOTS

A

Direct Observed Treatment Short-course

2SCPHLec (13 decks)

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