Unit 4- Chapter 13

Question 1

Why do pathogens change antigens?

Answer 1

So new antibodies have to be made

Question 2

Strep pneumonia changes:

How many different possible serotypes?

Answer 2

Polysaccharides on its capsule

90

Question 3

In influenza, antibodies are made against-

Answer 3

Glycoproteins on the surface - Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)

Question 4

Small mutations change surface proteins

Answer 4

Antigenic drift

Question 5

Mutations with bigger changes, or reassortments, between two or more viruses

Answer 5

Antigenic shift

Question 6

Step and influenza involve:

Answer 6

Improper memory against it because they change too much

Question 7

What change their surface antigen by rearrangements of genes - happens when entering inside the body

Answer 7

Trypanosomes

Question 8

What do Trypanosomes change?

Answer 8

Variable surface glycoproteins (VSG)

Question 9

What does the trypanosomes cause the body to do

Answer 9

Reset its antibody production

Question 10

What does Salmonella typhimurium change?

Answer 10

It’s flagellar protein

Question 11

What does Neisseria gonorrhea change?

Answer 11

Pili proteins

Question 12

Herpes virus enters into human cells and can become:

Answer 12

Latent (hides)

Question 13

Where does the perpetrator virus hide?

Answer 13

In the neurons

Goes back to the neuron after it comes out, so cannot be removed

Question 14

What happens with the herpes virus during latency?

Answer 14

No replication or production of viral peptides occurs- no disease

Question 15

Neurons have few:

How is this beneficial for herpes?

Answer 15

MHC Class I

They can go undetected here and can just hang out until they are ready to come out

Question 16

Herpesvirus varicella zoster

Answer 16

Latency in dorsal root ganglia to reactivate later into shingles

Question 17

Latency in B cells cause a civil war in the immune system

Answer 17

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)

Question 18

Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits:

Why?

Answer 18

Macrophages

Prevents lysosomal fusion. It breaks out of the macrophage into vesicles

Question 19

Toxoplasma Gondii

Comes from:

Puts itself in a vesicle to:

Answer 19

Cat feces

Keep itself safe from cellular content

Question 20

Toxoplasma gondii prevents:

Answer 20

MHC presentation

Question 21

Treponema pallidum, aka

Answer 21

Syphilis

Question 22

What does treponema pallidum coat itself with?

Answer 22

Human proteins to fool it

Question 23

How else does syphilis attack the immune system?

Answer 23

Hijacking cytokines production

Inhibition MHC processing and presentation

Inhibiting complement fixation

Inhibiting natural killer cell response

Question 24

Some bacteria produc toxins called:

Answer 24

Superantigens

Question 25

Superantigens take every T cell think:

Answer 25

That they found their match

Question 26

Superantigens activate:

Answer 26

CD4 cells nonspecifically- the antigen specific binding sites do not interact

Question 27

Examples of superantigens

Answer 27

Staph toxic shock syndrome Enterotoxin (food poisoning)

Question 28

Primary immunodeficiency diseases enhance:

Answer 28

Susceptibility to infection or autoimmunity

Question 29

Is primary immunodeficiency diseases genetic or caused by something else?

Answer 29

Genetic

Question 30

Secondary immunodeficiency diseases are due to::

Answer 30

Environmental factors