Unit 4- Chapter 13 Flashcards
Why do pathogens change antigens?
So new antibodies have to be made
Strep pneumonia changes:
How many different possible serotypes?
Polysaccharides on its capsule
90
In influenza, antibodies are made against-
Glycoproteins on the surface - Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)
Small mutations change surface proteins
Antigenic drift
Mutations with bigger changes, or reassortments, between two or more viruses
Antigenic shift
Step and influenza involve:
Improper memory against it because they change too much
What change their surface antigen by rearrangements of genes - happens when entering inside the body
Trypanosomes
What do Trypanosomes change?
Variable surface glycoproteins (VSG)
What does the trypanosomes cause the body to do
Reset its antibody production
What does Salmonella typhimurium change?
It’s flagellar protein
What does Neisseria gonorrhea change?
Pili proteins
Herpes virus enters into human cells and can become:
Latent (hides)
Where does the perpetrator virus hide?
In the neurons
Goes back to the neuron after it comes out, so cannot be removed
What happens with the herpes virus during latency?
No replication or production of viral peptides occurs- no disease
Neurons have few:
How is this beneficial for herpes?
MHC Class I
They can go undetected here and can just hang out until they are ready to come out
Herpesvirus varicella zoster
Latency in dorsal root ganglia to reactivate later into shingles
Latency in B cells cause a civil war in the immune system
Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits:
Why?
Macrophages
Prevents lysosomal fusion. It breaks out of the macrophage into vesicles
Toxoplasma Gondii
Comes from:
Puts itself in a vesicle to:
Cat feces
Keep itself safe from cellular content
Toxoplasma gondii prevents:
MHC presentation
Treponema pallidum, aka
Syphilis
What does treponema pallidum coat itself with?
Human proteins to fool it
How else does syphilis attack the immune system?
Hijacking cytokines production
Inhibition MHC processing and presentation
Inhibiting complement fixation
Inhibiting natural killer cell response
Some bacteria produc toxins called:
Superantigens
Superantigens take every T cell think:
That they found their match
Superantigens activate:
CD4 cells nonspecifically- the antigen specific binding sites do not interact
Examples of superantigens
Staph toxic shock syndrome
Enterotoxin (food poisoning)
Primary immunodeficiency diseases enhance:
Susceptibility to infection or autoimmunity
Is primary immunodeficiency diseases genetic or caused by something else?
Genetic
Secondary immunodeficiency diseases are due to::
Environmental factors
