Unit 4- Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do pathogens change antigens?

A

So new antibodies have to be made

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2
Q

Strep pneumonia changes:

How many different possible serotypes?

A

Polysaccharides on its capsule

90

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3
Q

In influenza, antibodies are made against-

A

Glycoproteins on the surface - Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)

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4
Q

Small mutations change surface proteins

A

Antigenic drift

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5
Q

Mutations with bigger changes, or reassortments, between two or more viruses

A

Antigenic shift

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6
Q

Step and influenza involve:

A

Improper memory against it because they change too much

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7
Q

What change their surface antigen by rearrangements of genes - happens when entering inside the body

A

Trypanosomes

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8
Q

What do Trypanosomes change?

A

Variable surface glycoproteins (VSG)

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9
Q

What does the trypanosomes cause the body to do

A

Reset its antibody production

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10
Q

What does Salmonella typhimurium change?

A

It’s flagellar protein

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11
Q

What does Neisseria gonorrhea change?

A

Pili proteins

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12
Q

Herpes virus enters into human cells and can become:

A

Latent (hides)

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13
Q

Where does the perpetrator virus hide?

A

In the neurons

Goes back to the neuron after it comes out, so cannot be removed

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14
Q

What happens with the herpes virus during latency?

A

No replication or production of viral peptides occurs- no disease

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15
Q

Neurons have few:

How is this beneficial for herpes?

A

MHC Class I

They can go undetected here and can just hang out until they are ready to come out

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16
Q

Herpesvirus varicella zoster

A

Latency in dorsal root ganglia to reactivate later into shingles

17
Q

Latency in B cells cause a civil war in the immune system

A

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)

18
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits:

Why?

A

Macrophages

Prevents lysosomal fusion. It breaks out of the macrophage into vesicles

19
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii

Comes from:

Puts itself in a vesicle to:

A

Cat feces

Keep itself safe from cellular content

20
Q

Toxoplasma gondii prevents:

A

MHC presentation

21
Q

Treponema pallidum, aka

A

Syphilis

22
Q

What does treponema pallidum coat itself with?

A

Human proteins to fool it

23
Q

How else does syphilis attack the immune system?

A

Hijacking cytokines production

Inhibition MHC processing and presentation

Inhibiting complement fixation

Inhibiting natural killer cell response

24
Q

Some bacteria produc toxins called:

A

Superantigens

25
Q

Superantigens take every T cell think:

A

That they found their match

26
Q

Superantigens activate:

A

CD4 cells nonspecifically- the antigen specific binding sites do not interact

27
Q

Examples of superantigens

A

Staph toxic shock syndrome

Enterotoxin (food poisoning)

28
Q

Primary immunodeficiency diseases enhance:

A

Susceptibility to infection or autoimmunity

29
Q

Is primary immunodeficiency diseases genetic or caused by something else?

A

Genetic

30
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency diseases are due to::

A

Environmental factors