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Immunology > Unit 3 - Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune response that occurs when no infection exists- Hypersensitivity reactions

A

Allergy

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2
Q

Types of hypersensitivity reactions

A

Inhaled materials
Ingested materials
Injected materials
Contacted materials

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3
Q

Type I hypersensitivity antigen

A

allergen-specific IgE

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4
Q

Type I hypersensitivity binds to:

A

Fc receptors on mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

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5
Q

Type I hypersensitivity results in

A

degranulation and a release of histamine

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6
Q

Type I hypersensitivity is also called

A

immediate hypersensitivity

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7
Q

Symptoms of type I hypersensitivity

A

Runny nose to stressful breathlessess

possible death by asphyxiation

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8
Q

Example of Type I hypersensitivity

A

Plant pollen, hay fever

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9
Q

Time of Type I hypersensitivity

A

generally w/in 10-15 minutes

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10
Q

Type II hypersensitivity antigen

A

IgG

Responds to chemically reactive small molecules bound to the outside of cells

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11
Q

What happens in Type II hypersensitivity when small molecules bind with IgG

A

They become new and foreign antigen on the cell surface

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12
Q

In type II hypersensitivity, new IgG is made against:

A

new epitopes

-this damages host cells and degrades host tissues

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13
Q

Symptoms of type II hypersensitivity

A

Rash, itchiness

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14
Q

Example of type II hypersensitivity

A

penicillin

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15
Q

Time it takes for a type II hypersensitivity reaction

A

4-24 hours

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16
Q

Type III hypersensitivity is caused by

A

immune complexes of antigen and IgG

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17
Q

In type III hypersensitivity, what happens?

A

Our antibodies coat things so much that they get heavy- called immune complexes

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18
Q

in type III hypersensitivity, where do complexes deposit?

A

in the walls of the blood vessels or alveoli

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19
Q

in type III hypersensitivity, immune complexes trigger:

A

complement and induce inflammation to damage tissues

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20
Q

Symptoms of type III hypersensitivity

A

Rash, respiratory issues, damaged kidneys

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21
Q

Examples of Type III hypersensitivity

A

Porcin

Insulin

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22
Q

Time for a type III hypersensitivity reaction to develope

A

w/in a few hours

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23
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated by

A

antigen-specific effector T cells NOT MEDIATED BY ANTIBODIES LIKE THE FIRST 3

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24
Q

For type IV hypersensitivity, contact with cells results in

A

uptake and presentation

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25
Q

For type IV hypersensitivity, What are examples of CD8 T cells reaction

A

poison ivy

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26
Q

For type IV hypersensitivity, what is an example of a CD4 reaction

A

nickel allergy

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27
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity is also called

A

delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)

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28
Q

Symptoms of type IV hypersensitivity

A

inflammation of skin

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29
Q

Time it takes for type IV hypersensitivity reaction to develop

A

1-3 days

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30
Q

IgE is designed to:

A

get rid of parasites

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31
Q

IgE binds to:

A

Fc receptors on eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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32
Q

How do stimulated cells attack a parasite?

A

with granules

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33
Q

Why don’t people in developing countries typically have allergies?

A

People are more likey afflicted with parasites, therefore the IgE is too distracted to fight allergies

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34
Q

Multicellular parasites display:

A

human-like parasites

they are larges– no phagocytosis

35
Q

symptoms intended to rid the body of a parasite

A 
sneezing
coughing
vomiting
diarrhea
itching
36
Q

B cells switch to IgE when?

A

When Th2 cells direct them

37
Q

What binds to several specificities of IgE?

A

Mast cells

38
Q

What triggers degranulation of IgE

A

Crosslinking

39
Q

Location of mast cells

A

mucosal and epithelial tissues

40
Q

structure of mast cells

A

contains granules

41
Q

Lifespan of IgE in the blood:

on cells:

A

in the blood: incredibly short- shorter than any other antigen

on cells: can last weeks to months

42
Q

Crosslinking of ___ activates the mast cell to releaxe histamine and other chemicals

A

IgE

43
Q

Histamine binds to:

This causes:

A

Endothelial cells on blood vessels

causes vessel permeability

44
Q

Histamine leads to:

A

inflammation and smooth muscle contraction

45
Q

Histamine results in:

A

constriction of the airway

46
Q

Location of eosinophils

A

mostly tissues, especially connective tissues

These are 1 or 2 percent of WBC count

47
Q

structure of eosinophils

A

contains granules

48
Q

Activation of eosinophils

A

Degranulation of toxic chemicals

49
Q

unusually high numbers of eosinophils

A

eosinophilia

50
Q

Eosinophils can cause damage to:

A

endocardium and nerves

51
Q

Chronic allergies caused by eosinophils can lead to

A

inflamation and airway damage leading to chronic asthma

52
Q

Location and structure of Basophils

A

location- tissues

structure- granules

53
Q

Basophils may be able to direct _____ responses by secreting certain :

A

Th2

cytokines

54
Q

Protein antigens that resemble parasite antigens

A

Allergens

55
Q

Type I hypersensitivity, allergens are proteins from: (6)

A 
Plants
Animals
Medicines
Pollen grains
Dried feces of dust mites
Dander from dried skin and saliva
56
Q

Allergens become airborne to be:

They are then picked up by:

A

inhaled and caught by the mucus in the lungs

by antigen presenting cells to present to CD4 T cells

57
Q

CD4 T cells activate:

A

B cell production of IgE and bind to mast cells

58
Q

allergies target ____ individuals

A

atopic

59
Q

Infantile dermatitis

A

If mother is atopic and IgE is transported in amniotic fluid or through breast milk to the baby- gives the baby allergies as well

60
Q

Immediate and late phase response allergy testing

A

intradernal skin test

61
Q

result of allergy in an intradermal skin test

A

wheal and flare

62
Q

immediate response of allergies is due to

A

degranulation of IgE bound mast cells where the histamine triggers redness and swelling

63
Q

late phase allergic reaction involves

A

widespread swelling because of the chemicals released by mast cells

64
Q

inflammation of airways so that they may become constricted and blocked with mucus

A

asthma

65
Q

With asthma, mast cells:

A

Degranulate in in airways

66
Q

asthma response is measured by

A

breathing capacity

67
Q

asthma is often caused by:

A

dust mites, cockroaches, rodents and pets

68
Q

types of Asthma treatment

A

administration of an IgG that is specific for IgE

IgG binds up the IgE and prevents it from binding to mast cells

69
Q

Types of allergy treatment

A

Administration of small amounts of allergens to desensitize the immune system

retraining the immune system through many shots

70
Q

Allergens in the blood- widespread activation of mast cells in the blood vessel epithelium

A

Anaphylaxis

71
Q

What causes systemic anaphylaxis

A

Degranulation

72
Q

Increase in vascular permeability and constricton of smooth muscle results in:

A

a drop in blood pressure

73
Q

Anaphylaxis can cause

A

anaphylactic shock

organ damage

asphyxiation

74
Q

causes of anaphylaxis

A

insect stings, drug injections, foods

75
Q

Treatment of anaphylaxis

A

epiniphrine injections

76
Q

how do epinephrine injections treat anaphylaxis

A

Epithelial junctions of blood vessels tighten to prevent fluid loss

BP increases

Relaxes the constricted airways

77
Q

Allergic rhinitis, AKA

A

Hay fever

78
Q

cause of hay fever

A

plant/mold spores

79
Q

Symptoms of rhinitis and asthma include

A

Runny nose and violent bursts of sneezing

Local edema

Obstruction of nasal airways

Nasal discharge with eosinophils

Irritation of nose and throat

Inflammation of conjunctiva- itchiness, tears, inflammation

80
Q

For allergic asthma, allergens activate:

A

mast cells in the lower resp tract

81
Q

For allergic asthma, what does degranulation cause?

A

An increase in fluid and mucus with bronchial constriction

82
Q

Chronic inflammation with allergic asthma is mediated by:

A

eosinophils, neutrophils and Th2 cells

this can cause a mucus plug, causing air to be trapped in the lungs

83
Q

Allergic asthma is often triggered by:

A

smoke, immune responses, etc.

84
Q

Allergic asthma is considered what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type IV

Immunology (10 decks)

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