Unit 3 - Chapter 14 Flashcards by Amanda Pearman

Immune response that occurs when no infection exists- Hypersensitivity reactions

Allergy

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Types of hypersensitivity reactions

Inhaled materials
Ingested materials
Injected materials
Contacted materials

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Type I hypersensitivity antigen

allergen-specific IgE

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Type I hypersensitivity binds to:

Fc receptors on mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

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Type I hypersensitivity results in

degranulation and a release of histamine

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Type I hypersensitivity is also called

immediate hypersensitivity

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Symptoms of type I hypersensitivity

Runny nose to stressful breathlessess

possible death by asphyxiation

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Example of Type I hypersensitivity

Plant pollen, hay fever

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Time of Type I hypersensitivity

generally w/in 10-15 minutes

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Type II hypersensitivity antigen

IgG

Responds to chemically reactive small molecules bound to the outside of cells

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What happens in Type II hypersensitivity when small molecules bind with IgG

They become new and foreign antigen on the cell surface

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In type II hypersensitivity, new IgG is made against:

new epitopes

-this damages host cells and degrades host tissues

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Symptoms of type II hypersensitivity

Rash, itchiness

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Example of type II hypersensitivity

penicillin

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Time it takes for a type II hypersensitivity reaction

4-24 hours

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Type III hypersensitivity is caused by

immune complexes of antigen and IgG

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In type III hypersensitivity, what happens?

Our antibodies coat things so much that they get heavy- called immune complexes

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in type III hypersensitivity, where do complexes deposit?

in the walls of the blood vessels or alveoli

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in type III hypersensitivity, immune complexes trigger:

complement and induce inflammation to damage tissues

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Symptoms of type III hypersensitivity

Rash, respiratory issues, damaged kidneys

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Examples of Type III hypersensitivity

Porcin

Insulin

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Time for a type III hypersensitivity reaction to develope

w/in a few hours

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Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated by

antigen-specific effector T cells NOT MEDIATED BY ANTIBODIES LIKE THE FIRST 3

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For type IV hypersensitivity, contact with cells results in

uptake and presentation

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For type IV hypersensitivity, What are examples of CD8 T cells reaction

poison ivy

For type IV hypersensitivity, what is an example of a CD4 reaction

nickel allergy

Type IV hypersensitivity is also called

delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)

Symptoms of type IV hypersensitivity

inflammation of skin

Time it takes for type IV hypersensitivity reaction to develop

1-3 days

IgE is designed to:

get rid of parasites

IgE binds to:

Fc receptors on eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

How do stimulated cells attack a parasite?

with granules

Why don't people in developing countries typically have allergies?

People are more likey afflicted with parasites, therefore the IgE is too distracted to fight allergies

Multicellular parasites display:

human-like parasites they are larges-- no phagocytosis

symptoms intended to rid the body of a parasite

``` sneezing coughing vomiting diarrhea itching ```

B cells switch to IgE when?

When Th2 cells direct them

What binds to several specificities of IgE?

Mast cells

What triggers degranulation of IgE

Crosslinking

Location of mast cells

mucosal and epithelial tissues

structure of mast cells

contains granules

Lifespan of IgE in the blood: | on cells:

in the blood: incredibly short- shorter than any other antigen on cells: can last weeks to months

Crosslinking of ___ activates the mast cell to releaxe histamine and other chemicals

IgE

Histamine binds to: | This causes:

Endothelial cells on blood vessels causes vessel permeability

Histamine leads to:

inflammation and smooth muscle contraction

Histamine results in:

constriction of the airway

Location of eosinophils

mostly tissues, especially connective tissues | These are 1 or 2 percent of WBC count

structure of eosinophils

contains granules

Activation of eosinophils

Degranulation of toxic chemicals

unusually high numbers of eosinophils

eosinophilia

Eosinophils can cause damage to:

endocardium and nerves

Chronic allergies caused by eosinophils can lead to

inflamation and airway damage leading to chronic asthma

Location and structure of Basophils

location- tissues structure- granules

Basophils may be able to direct _____ responses by secreting certain :

Th2 cytokines

Protein antigens that resemble parasite antigens

Allergens

Type I hypersensitivity, allergens are proteins from: (6)

``` Plants Animals Medicines Pollen grains Dried feces of dust mites Dander from dried skin and saliva ```

Allergens become airborne to be: | They are then picked up by:

inhaled and caught by the mucus in the lungs by antigen presenting cells to present to CD4 T cells

CD4 T cells activate:

B cell production of IgE and bind to mast cells

allergies target ____ individuals

atopic

Infantile dermatitis

If mother is atopic and IgE is transported in amniotic fluid or through breast milk to the baby- gives the baby allergies as well

Immediate and late phase response allergy testing

intradernal skin test

result of allergy in an intradermal skin test

wheal and flare

immediate response of allergies is due to

degranulation of IgE bound mast cells where the histamine triggers redness and swelling

late phase allergic reaction involves

widespread swelling because of the chemicals released by mast cells

inflammation of airways so that they may become constricted and blocked with mucus

asthma

With asthma, mast cells:

Degranulate in in airways

asthma response is measured by

breathing capacity

asthma is often caused by:

dust mites, cockroaches, rodents and pets

types of Asthma treatment

administration of an IgG that is specific for IgE IgG binds up the IgE and prevents it from binding to mast cells

Types of allergy treatment

Administration of small amounts of allergens to desensitize the immune system retraining the immune system through many shots

Allergens in the blood- widespread activation of mast cells in the blood vessel epithelium

Anaphylaxis

What causes systemic anaphylaxis

Degranulation

Increase in vascular permeability and constricton of smooth muscle results in:

a drop in blood pressure

Anaphylaxis can cause

anaphylactic shock organ damage asphyxiation

causes of anaphylaxis

insect stings, drug injections, foods

Treatment of anaphylaxis

epiniphrine injections

how do epinephrine injections treat anaphylaxis

Epithelial junctions of blood vessels tighten to prevent fluid loss BP increases Relaxes the constricted airways

Allergic rhinitis, AKA

Hay fever

cause of hay fever

plant/mold spores

Symptoms of rhinitis and asthma include

Runny nose and violent bursts of sneezing Local edema Obstruction of nasal airways Nasal discharge with eosinophils Irritation of nose and throat Inflammation of conjunctiva- itchiness, tears, inflammation

For allergic asthma, allergens activate:

mast cells in the lower resp tract

For allergic asthma, what does degranulation cause?

An increase in fluid and mucus with bronchial constriction

Chronic inflammation with allergic asthma is mediated by:

eosinophils, neutrophils and Th2 cells this can cause a mucus plug, causing air to be trapped in the lungs

Allergic asthma is often triggered by:

smoke, immune responses, etc.

Allergic asthma is considered what type of hypersensitivity?

Type IV