Exam 2- Chapter 9

Question 1

Antibodies bind to extracellular bacteria and viruses to allow:

Answer 1

The effector response

Question 2

How is the quality of an antibody improved?

Answer 2

Affinity is increased

Change of the isotope of the antibody the change the response of effector cells

Question 3

How are antibodies cross linked on a mature B cell

Answer 3

Surface IgM antibodies link to the antigen. At least 2 antibodies are required.

Question 4

What does crosslinking result in?

Answer 4

Intracellular signaling cascades

Question 5

What does the B cell co-receptor include? (3)

Answer 5

Complement receptor 2- recognizes complement fragments

A signaling chain

Complement that binds to the signaling chain for attachment purposes

Question 6

What do CD4 helper T cells recognize?

Answer 6

Pathogens presented on B cell MHC class II molecules

Results in B cells dividing and differentiating

Question 7

Disease of infants without T cells

Answer 7

DiGeorge Syndrome

Question 8

B cells need _____ to produce antibodies

Answer 8

T cells

Question 9

B cells can produce antibodies without T cells if:

Answer 9

If they have a larger pathogen with lots of repeated epitose

Question 10

Cells in the secondary lymphoid tissues that organize into follicles where B cells can enter

Answer 10

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)

Question 11

What interact with the FDC and their presented antigens

Answer 11

B cells

Question 12

How do FDCs differ from regular dendrites?

Answer 12

FDCs are
Larger
Remain in lymph nodes
Lack phagocytic activity (antigens remain on the outside of the cell with specialized receptors)

Question 13

Naive B cells enter into the lymph node at the ______ ______ and checks:

Answer 13

Subscapular sinus

Checks the macrophages for their antigen

Question 14

If the nerve B cell finds its antigen, it will:

Answer 14

Enter the follicle to interact with helper T cells- TFH cells

Question 15

If the B cell does not find their specific antigen, they enter the follicle to:

Answer 15

Check the FDCs

Question 16

The B cell and T cell give each other:

Answer 16

Cytokines

Question 17

That happens to the B cell if it finds its antigen on the FDC?

If it does not?

Answer 17

It is activated

If not, it leaves the lymph node to recirculate

Question 18

Antigen-activated B cells process and present antigen on the MHC class II molecules to allow:

Answer 18

Further activation by helper TFH cells

Question 19

Cognate pairs:

Answer 19

Pairs of B cells and T cells giving each other what they need to continue activation

Question 20

Result of proliferation (paired B and T cells move into the cortex and divide)

Answer 20

B lymphoblasts the secrete IgM

Question 21

B lymphoblasts can differentiate into:

Answer 21

Plasma cells with a higher production of refined antibodies

Question 22

Some B lymphoblasts move into primary follicles with their helper T cells to:

Answer 22

Proliferate into a germinal center

Question 23

Rapid B cell division results in:

Answer 23

Centroblasts

Question 24

Centroblasts become:

What happens?

Answer 24

Centrocytes

There is a slower division with affinity maturation and isotype switching (IgG)

Question 25

Before leaving the lymph node, the centrocytes have further activation by:

Answer 25

Helper T cells

Question 26

Affinity maturation

Answer 26

Improvement in antibody affinity for a particular antigen by small mutations in the binding site.

Question 27

What centrocytes will be triggered to mature?

Answer 27

The ones with the greatest affinity

Question 28

What happens to centrocytes with the lesser affinity

Answer 28

They are triggered to die

Question 29

First immunoglobulins on cell curface

Answer 29

IgD and IgM

Question 30

How can B cells switch their isotype to produce IgG, IgA or IgE

Answer 30

By rearranging their heavy chain

Question 31

What determine what isotype is made?

Answer 31

Cytokines produces by the TFH cells

Question 32

Why do T cells produce cytokines?

Answer 32

To determine if a B cell becomes as effector cell or memory B cell

Question 33

Memory cells provide:

Answer 33

Faster and more efficient responses upon subsequent exposure to the pathogen

Question 34

Between effector cells and memory B cells, what provide a faster and more efficient response upon subsequent exposure to the pathogen

Answer 34

Memory cells

Question 35

First antibody produced for every infection - Secreted as a pentamer to enter the bloodstream - Activates the classical complement cascade

Answer 35

IgM

Question 36

Disadvantage of IgM

Answer 36

Bulkiness

Question 37

How is IgM transported?

Answer 37

Pinocytosis

Question 38

How is IgA transported?

Answer 38

Transcytosis

Question 39

IgG and IgA are transported from the blood into:

Answer 39

Extracellular spaces in the tissues

Question 40

IgA attaches to the:

Answer 40

Mucosal surface to bind to microorganisms

Question 41

Function of IgD

Answer 41

Not none, though we know it is interacting with commensalism and acts as a surface receptor

Question 42

What immunoglobulin targets parasites and allergies

Answer 42

IgE

Question 43

IgE is usually a surface receptor bound irreversibly by Fc receptors on:

Answer 43

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils

Question 44

What do IgE and cytokines do to smooth muscles?

Answer 44

Causes them to react violently by sneezing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea to eject pathogens

Question 45

Mast cells have _____ specificity with what attached?

Answer 45

Multiple IgE Attached

Question 46

What are responsible for mucus production and and where are they located?

Answer 46

Histamines Found in mast cells